National Program State and Local Programs

The United States Experience in Decentralized Coastal Management: Lessons for Indonesia Proyek Pesisir TR-0005-E 1

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

This report describes the findings and conclusions of an integrated coastal management international study tour IST to the United States undertaken by leading Indonesian national and provincial level government officials. The study tour was organized as an integral part of the USAIDIndonesia Coastal Resources Man- agement Program known in Indonesia as Proyek Pesisir. The objectives of the tour were to: 1 Explore the United States experience in decentralized coastal resources management and its applicabil- ity within the Indonesian context; 2 Educate United States institutions on current developments in Indonesia and their implications for United States foreign help and relations regarding coastal and marine management; and 3 Foster development of professional networks between the two countries. Evidence of success in meeting these interim goals can be seen in the participant reflections of the study tour lessons and the formalization of partnerships with United States counterparts through three Memorandums of Understanding and one Letter of Interest Attachments A-D. The ultimate goal of the IST was to contrib- ute to stronger, integrated coastal management ICM through the implementation in Indonesia of principles and tools explored during the study tour. This report documents these principles and tools, and draws appli- cable lessons to support implementation of an integrated coastal management program in Indonesia. The study tour was designed as an integral part of Proyek Pesisir’s dual-track local and national program. The timing of the IST was precipitated by increased opportunities resulting from Indonesia’s new emphasis on decentralization and the creation of a dedicated coastal and marine ministry: The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries DKP. The schedule also was designed around the needs of Provincial Planning Boards BAPPEDA and this new ministry to develop a vision of the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and stakeholders under a decentralized coastal management system. Recent political events represent a dramatic institutional shift in Indonesia relative to natural resources management, creating both exciting opportunities for democratization and empowerment and simultaneously a significant demand for Indonesian vision in devolving coastal resource management and planning Dahuri and Dutton, 2000. This shift has given the United States experience in coastal and marine resource gover- nance a increased relevance for Indonesia. Through a ten-day tour to Washington, D.C., South Florida, Rhode Island, and Washington State, the study tour exposed Indonesian participants to the United States coastal governance experience. These experiences are described briefly in 1.2-1.7 below.

1.2 National Program

Throughout the IST, the participants were involved in discussions concentrated on the importance of the National Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 CZMA in setting a national coastal management agenda in the United States. The CZMA resulted in states, local governments and stakeholders focusing their atten- tion, efforts and financial resources on coastal zone management. Especially emphasized was the way the national law was designed to encourage states, local governments, Indian tribes and the general public to exercise their full right and authority in appropriately managing and developing coastal resources. This includes clarifying the specific roles of different levels of government, ensuring minimum standards of performance through voluntary certification of programs and guaranteeing opportunities for public partici- pation. The United States Experience in Decentralized Coastal Management: Lessons for Indonesia Proyek Pesisir TR-0005-E 2 Certification of all state and local coastal zone management CZM programs is a pivotal feature of the integrated United States program. The requirements for voluntary certification of state and local programs under the CZMA can be broadly categorized as processes related to information and definitions, institutions and organization, procedures and planning. By setting out the process and elements that must be included in each of these broad categories, the United States national government ensures an orderly and effective approach to decentralization of coastal management. In addition, the United States federal government lays out incentive structures that provide enough encouragement for all states to voluntarily enter the national certification programs. These incentives are financial and jurisdictional in terms of federal, state and local consistency with approved coastal plans.

1.3 State and Local Programs

State and local programs that offered excellent and diverse examples of decentralized CZM implementation were visited. Options investigated included the distribution of authority among state and local level agen- cies and mechanisms for inter-agency coordination. There was particular emphasis on the mechanics of local land-use planning and community participation within state and local programs leading to good gover- nance in terms of coastal management decisions. The IST participants met with leaders involved in impor- tant examples of how the United States national government works in coordination with state, local govern- ments and stakeholders to accomplish specific state and local level needs. These cases demonstrated how issues were solved that otherwise would have been beyond the ability of local or state government and stakeholders to achieve without federal help. The participants also explored the role of national governments in supporting federal-state funding mecha- nisms, and the role of state governments in supporting state-local funding schemes. This included arrange- ments by which some funds are assessed, collected, and distributed e.g., per passenger charges of US3.00 assessed on cruise ships docking in Key West.

1.4 Special Management Areas