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d. An imaginative work of art works which can be formed into some genres such as novel, novella, short story, poetry
e. Is the special use of language f. Language, values, sensibilities and knowledge.
2. Literature as a resource and Literature as a subject
Based on the data, the second issue arising from the research is about the different uses of literature by the teachers. Literature is clearly used for two distinct purposes
by the teachers: 1 as a resource and 2 as a subject. A total of six teachers
T1, T2, T3, T5, T7
and
T9
stated they have useduse literature as a resource or material, which means the purpose is essentially for teaching a language English. In this
context, Carter and Long 1991:3 emphasize that literature as a resource is less academic though no less serious approach to the reading of literature. It is the use of
text to teach the relevant language items because such piece of text supplies chances for learning and stimulating interest in the language. The use of literature as a
resource facilitates the interaction between students and the texts, teachers and students as well as students and students.
Three teachers, namely
T4, T6
and
T8
reported that they use literature as a subject which means the purpose was not mainly for teaching a language but
literature per se. The study of literature as a subject examines the history and characteristics of literary movements; the social, political and historical background
to a text; the biography of the author and its relevance to his or her writings; the genre
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of the text. Carter and Long 1991:4 argue that ‘The potential disadvantage of literature for study is that it can hinder the use of literature as a resource’, because
literature for study contributes less to language teaching. One participant,
T9
indicated to use literature both as a resource and as a subject. Some responses of the teachers are provided below:
“I use literature as a resource in teaching my English Skills classes”
T1
“I used to teach literature as a subject but it’s quite a long time ago”. Because the courses I teach, sometimes I use literature as a valuable material in my
Skills classes”T3 “I have to use literature or literary text as a resource in teaching my students.
Especially in prose related, particularly I use novel, and probably a short story”T7
“I teach literature as a subject. Of course, I major in literature.” T4 In the responses, it can be inferred that the teachers who teach the language skills
reading, writing, listening, speaking or component grammar, pronunciation, structures and creative writing tend to use literature more as a resource. For example
T1, T2, T3, and T9
showed they teach at least a language skill or components.
3. ValuesAdvantages of literature
