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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of study, in a way that usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology,
and phonology handle it. Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It explains why we speak differently in different social contexts, and
sociolinguistics is concerned with the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning Holmes, 2001:1. In addition, Wardhaugh 1986:13
states sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between languages and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of
language and how language functions in communication. Sociolingistics is scientific discipline developed from the co-operation of
linguistics and sociology that investigates the social meaning of the language system and of language use, and the common set of conditions of linguistic and social
structure. J.A Fishman in Chaer, 2004:3 states that sociolinguistics is the study of characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the
characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community. Halliday in Sumarsono, 2002:2 defines
sociolinguistics as the institutional linguistics deals with the relation between a language and the people who use it and Hudson 1996:4 defines sociolinguistics as
the study of language in relation to society, implying intentionally that sociolinguistics is part of the study of language.
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Sociolinguistics has so many functions in daily life since sociolinguistics explains on how people use the language in each aspects or the certain social
condition, as states by Fishman in Chaer, 2004:7 that sociolinguistics discusses ‘who speaks’, ‘what language’, ‘to whom’, ‘when’, and ‘to what end’. Therefore, the
function of language can be seen through the speaker, the listener, the topic, the code, and the meaning. The study also explores the functions and the varieties of
language, the contacts between different languages, attitude of people towards language use and user, changes of language, as well as plans on language.
There are numerous factors influencing the way people speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics.
http:www.tlumaczenia-angielski.infolinguisticssociolinguistics.htm: a.
Social class, the position of the speaker in the society, measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on syntax and
lexis used by the speaker. b.
Social context, the register of the language used depending on changing situations, formal language in formal meetings and informal during meetings
with friends for example. c.
Geographical origins, slight differences in pronunciation between speakers that point at the geographical region which the speaker comes from.
d. Ethnicity, differences between the use of a given language by its native
speakers and other ethnic groups. e.
Nationality, clearly visible in the case of the English language: British English differs from American English, or Canadian English.
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f. Gender, differences in patterns of language use between men and women,
such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns. g.
Age, the influence of age of the speaker on the use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.
2.2. Bilingualism
Kategori