AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION USED IN “EMBARRASSING SHORT STORIES: ONE NIGHT WITH A MAID” BY SILVESTER GORIDUS SUKUR

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AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION USED IN “EMBARRASSING SHORT STORIES: ONE NIGHT WITH A MAID” BY SILVESTER

GORIDUS SUKUR

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in Education

By:

DOLFINUS MOKTIS

07360005

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

This thesis written by Dolfinus Moktis was approved on July, 31 2012

By

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This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang and accepted as the partial

requirement to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Department on July, 31 2012

Approved by:

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Malang

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME”

(SEGALA PERKARA DAPAT KUTANGGUNG DI DALAM YESUS YANG MEMBERI KEKUATAN KEPADAKU).

(Philippians 4:13)

“NOBODY RISES TO LOW EXPECTATION”

(ORANG YANG MENETAPKAN HARAPAN YANG RENDAH TIDAK AKAN PERNAH BANGKIT)

(Calvin Lloyd)

THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO:

 MY BELOVED FATHER AND MOTHER

 MY FAMILY

 MY FRIENDS

 THE LECTURES AND STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADYAH MALANG.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank God, all praises be to Allah, the Lord of the universe who has given the writer. He is beneficent so that I am able to finish this thesis. Peace and Salam are always blessed and poured down upon our beloved Prophet Jesus Christ as the last prophet that has shown us the right ways. We will always be in the shelter of Allah from now and until hereafter life. Amen. This thesis would not have been completed without some supports from many people.

Firstly, he wants to express his deepest gratitude to his advisors I/II Drs. Hartono, M.Pd & Munash Fauzie A, M.M. Thanks for the guidance, correction, great attention, motivation, and patience, which finally enabled him to finish his thesis successfully.

Secondly, the biggest thank goes to his beloved parent, Moses Mosioi, Dorsila Mandacan and Dolince Kasih. Thanks for the supports, prayers and love.

Thirdly, the biggest thank also goes to his best friends, Reza Andika and Agus Arianto. Thanks for the supports.

Finally, he really realizes that this thesis still needs constructive critics and suggestions from the readers in order to make it perfect, and hopefully it can be useful for the readers, especially for the students of English Department of University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

Juliy, 31 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... i

LEGALIZATION ... ii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 5

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 5

1.5 The Scope and Limitation of the Study ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Text ... 8

2.2 Cohesion Devices ... 9

2.1.1 Types of Cohesion Devices ... 10

2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion Devices ... 11

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2.1.2.1.1 Repetition ... 12

2.1.2.1.2 Synonymy ... 12

2.1.2.1.3 Hyponymy ... 12

2.1.2.1.4 Metonymy ... 13

2.1.2.1.5 Antonym ... 14

2.1.2.2 Collocation ... 15

2.3 Short Story ... 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 19

3.2 Object of the Study ... 19

3.3 Research Instrument ... 20

3.4 Data Collection ... 20

3.5 Data Analysis ... 21

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 22

4.2 Discussion ... 33

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion ... 35

5.2 Suggestion ... 36

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REFERENCES

Adisutrisno, D. Wagiman. (2003). Case Grammar. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.

Crowther, J. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. AS Hornby: Oxford University Press.

Crystal, D. (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Melbourne: University of Cambridge.

Djamila, L. (2010). Shifts in Translating Lexical Cohesion from Arabic into English. Algeria: University of Constantine.

"Embarrass," The Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) <http://dictionary.oed.com> [Accessed February 15, 2006].

Finegan, E. (2004). Language: Its Structure and Use. USA: Wadsworth (Thomson).

Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.

Huang, L. (2001). Knowledge of English Collocations: An Analysis of Taiwanese EFL Learners. Retrieved January 9, 2007 from

www.utexas,edu/students/flesa/tpfle/contents7.doc

Jasa, U. (2001). Aspects of Discourse Cohesion: Unpublished Thesis of Payap University.

Kiswanti, 2006. A discourse analysis of the short stories. Published in Januari-May. Lestari, Z. (2009). Lexical cohesion Found in The Lyrics of Avenged Sevenfold’s

Songs. Malang: Unpublished Thesis of The State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang.

Lewis, M. (1993). The Lexical Approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications. Lewis, M. (Ed.). (2000). Teaching collocation: Further developments in the Lexical

Approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.

Investigationes Linguisticae: Poznan.

Moleong, Lexy J. DR. M.A. 2005. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Politan, Ananta B. (2007). An Analysis of Conflicts in Three Selected Short Stories of Flannery O’ Connor. Unpublished Thesis of University of Sumatera Utara. Renkema, Jan.(1993). Discourse Studies: An Introduction Textbook. Amsterdam:

John Benjamin Publishing.

Setyowati, R. (2008). A Study of Cohesive Devices Found in The Main Character’s Utterances of Drama ‘’Macbeth’’ by William Shakespeare. Malang:

Unpublished Thesis of The State Islamic University of Malang.

Solicin, A. (2010). Lexical Cohesion in the Narrative Writing of Hearing Impaired Students. Airlangga University.

Sugiarti, I. (2004). An Analysis of Reference of Grammatical Cohesion Devices in

The Lyrics of Creed’s Song: Malang: Unpublished Thesis of Muhammadyah

University of Malang.

Tanskanen .Sanna Kaisa. 2006. Collaborating towards Coherence. P. Cm: Pragmatics & Beyond, New Series, issn 0922-842X ; v. 146.

Tursini, U. (2005). An Analysis on Cohesion Devices Used in The Lyrics of Britney

Spears’ Song: Malang: Unpublished Thesis of Muhammadyah University of

Malang.

Widdowson, H. G. (2007). Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yarmohammadi, L. (1995). Fifteen Articles in Contrastive Linguistics and the

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the introduction of the research is discussed. It consists of background of the study, statement of the problems, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1.Background of the Study

Cohesion is part of the system of a language. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. Cohesion is an important aspect of discourse analysis as it creates coherence. According to Halliday and Hasan (2001) concept that cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary; therefore cohesion includes two types namely grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. It means that the existence of two types of grammatical and lexical cohesion and the differences between both types are: (1) grammatical cohesion leads to the assessment unit of meaning in the sentence. Whereas (2) lexical cohesion focuses more on the discussion of systems of meaning contained in words.

Cohesion is a potential for relating one element in the text to another. Cohesion, therefore, is part of the text-forming component in the linguistic system. It means that the elements that are structurally unrelated to one another are linked together, through the dependence of one on the other for its interpretation. In other

words, that the relationship between words, sentences, or paragraphs, they are interconnected with one another reply.

Lexical cohesion is a group of words which is lexically cohesive when all of the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic (Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009). Lexical cohesion can also form relational patterns in text in a way that links sentences to create an overall feature of coherence with the audience, sometimes overlapping with other cohesion features. The understanding of how the content of sentences is linked helps to identify the central information in texts by means of a possible summary. This allows judgments on what the text is about. Furthermore, lexical cohesion has two functions: first, to link between a word and a word, a phrase and a phrase within a text, then it can be divided again to indicate a repetition, synonym, hyponym, to metonym, and antonym; second, it is used to indicate co-occurrence of words in which their meaning is related in the same environment, (Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009).

This study focuses on the lexical cohesion. According to Halliday & Hasan (2001:287), lexical cohesion is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are typically associated with one another because they tend to co-occur in similar environment. The cohesive effect of lexical cohesion is achieved when two or more lexical items within a sentence or across sentence boundaries are associated with each other. The association may be one of related or equivalent meaning or may be one of contrast or may be one of co-occurrence. And also, the discourse is a complete unit in the hierarchy of language. It means that many

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words use the semantic description of languages. Semantic rule includes agent, theme, instrument, experience, location, source, and goal.

From the functions of lexical cohesion above the researcher wants to analyze the text in the selected short stories by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Lexical cohesions always appear in the short stories. The short stories often used repetition, synonymy, antonym, metonymy, and hyponymy, in words or sentences. By analyzing lexical cohesion, the researcher will know the kinds and the functions of lexical cohesion used in the short stories, especially Embarrassing Short Story “One Night with a Maid” by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Furthermore, lexical cohesion which consists of reiteration and collocation is very essential in order to get deep understanding of short stories.

One Night with a Maid is the third collection of a series of embarrassing short stories. These short stories are chosen in this study because they are different from other English short stories in that several kinds of lexical cohesion like reiteration and collocation are applied in those short stories. Silvester Goridus Sukur shows his genius by writing about interesting topics in his short stories. The topics such as incidents or events which are so embarrassing will make the readers smile, giggle, or even roar with laughter. They will make the readers happy. It means that every selected short story is very funny. Furthermore, these stories can improve the readers’ grammatical knowledge. The researcher interest with word ”embarrassing” in the title of the short story. The researcher feels, it is very funny and the researcher want to analyze it.

A previous study on the analysis of the use of cohesive devices on the short story has been conducted by Kiswanti (2006). In her study, she analyzed grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion in Short Stories in Annida Magazine Published in January-May 2006. The result of the research shows that grammatical cohesion among sentences in the short stories in Annida magazine published in January-May 2006 can be classified into four types. They are reference, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. The following are the frequency of the occurrence of the grammatical cohesion from the highest to the lowest one: reference (69,28%), conjunction (18,79%), ellipsis (9,5%), and substitution (0,08%). Beside the grammatical cohesion, the result of the research also shows that lexical cohesion among sentences in the short stories in Annida magazine published in January-May 2006 can be classified into two types. They are reiteration (repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym and metonym) and collocation. The frequency of the occurrence of the lexical cohesion from the highest to the lowest is collocation (0,83%), reiteration (synonym (0,61%), hyponym (0,47%), and metonym (0,44%) ).

In this study, the researcher will also investigate more about the use of cohesion devices on short stories. But there are some differences from the previous study mentioned above. In this study the researcher will only analyze lexical cohesion used in English short stories. The application of lexical cohesion within this study will be focused on the analysis of reiteration and collocation.

Based on the reason above, the researcher is interested in identifying every text in selected short stories “One Night with a Maid”. Besides, the researcher

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wants to analyze and classify each type and frequency of lexical cohesion in the each short story.

1.2Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the study above the research problems are stated as follows:

1. What types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of “One

Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

2. What is the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected short

stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The objectives of this study are stated as follows:

1. To describe types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of

“One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

2. To describe the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected

short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study is expected to have theoretical significance and practical

important application of discourse analysis and to give contribution toward the building of knowledge, especially in pragmatic study concentrated in lexical cohesion. As practical significance, the result of this study is expected to enrich the information for the people who concern to discourse analysis especially in lexical cohesion, and also it will help the next researchers, including the students of English Department University of Muhammadyah Malang, when they are going to do the research in this area.

1.5 The Scope and Limitation

In this study, the researcher only focuses on the analysis of lexical cohesion devices in the selected short stories of ” Embarrassing Short Stories “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur”. The researcher limits only five out of thirteen stories available in “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur released in Yogjakarta, October 2008.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding, the terms used in this study are defined as follows:

a. Analysis is the identification of the separate parts of (this correspond toughly to the notion of tearing it to pieces), to determine the relationship among the parts, and discover the relation to the whole Kenny (in Sugiarti, 2004).

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b. Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of a text which can form connections between parts of the text (Tanskanen, 2006:7). It is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.

c. Lexical cohesion is a group of words that is lexically cohesive when all of the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic. d. Reiteration is one type of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of a

lexical item, the use of general word to refer back to a lexical item, and a number of things between the uses of repetition, synonimy, hyponimy, metonymy, and antonymy.

e. Collocation is the second type of lexical cohesion that collocation deals with the relationship between words, or the basis of the fact that these words often occur in the same surrounding or are associated with each other (Renkema in Lestari, 2009) f. Short story is a short piece of prose fiction, having few characteristics and aiming

at unity of effect (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language). g. Embarrassing is an emotional state of intense discomfort with oneself,

experienced upon having a socially unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. It is similar to shame, except that shame may be experienced for an act known only to oneself (The Oxford English Dictionary, 1989).

words, that the relationship between words, sentences, or paragraphs, they are interconnected with one another reply.

Lexical cohesion is a group of words which is lexically cohesive when all of the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic (Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009). Lexical cohesion can also form relational patterns in text in a way that links sentences to create an overall feature of coherence with the audience, sometimes overlapping with other cohesion features. The understanding of how the content of sentences is linked helps to identify the central information in texts by means of a possible summary. This allows judgments on what the text is about. Furthermore, lexical cohesion has two functions: first, to link between a word and a word, a phrase and a phrase within a text, then it can be divided again to indicate a repetition, synonym, hyponym, to metonym, and antonym; second, it is used to indicate co-occurrence of words in which their meaning is related in the same environment, (Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009).

This study focuses on the lexical cohesion. According to Halliday & Hasan (2001:287), lexical cohesion is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are typically associated with one another because they tend to co-occur in similar environment. The cohesive effect of lexical cohesion is achieved when two or more lexical items within a sentence or across sentence boundaries are associated with each other. The association may be one of related or equivalent meaning or may be one of contrast or may be one of co-occurrence. And also, the discourse is a complete unit in the hierarchy of language. It means that many

words use the semantic description of languages. Semantic rule includes agent, theme, instrument, experience, location, source, and goal.

From the functions of lexical cohesion above the researcher wants to analyze the text in the selected short stories by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Lexical cohesions always appear in the short stories. The short stories often used repetition, synonymy, antonym, metonymy, and hyponymy, in words or sentences. By analyzing lexical cohesion, the researcher will know the kinds and the functions of lexical cohesion used in the short stories, especially Embarrassing Short Story “One Night with a Maid” by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Furthermore, lexical cohesion which consists of reiteration and collocation is very essential in order to get deep understanding of short stories.

One Night with a Maid is the third collection of a series of embarrassing short stories. These short stories are chosen in this study because they are different from other English short stories in that several kinds of lexical cohesion like reiteration and collocation are applied in those short stories. Silvester Goridus Sukur shows his genius by writing about interesting topics in his short stories. The topics such as incidents or events which are so embarrassing will make the readers smile, giggle, or even roar with laughter. They will make the readers happy. It means that every selected short story is very funny. Furthermore, these stories can improve the readers’ grammatical knowledge. The researcher interest with word ”embarrassing” in the title of the short story. The researcher feels, it is very funny and the researcher want to analyze it.

A previous study on the analysis of the use of cohesive devices on the short story has been conducted by Kiswanti (2006). In her study, she analyzed grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion in Short Stories in Annida Magazine Published in January-May 2006. The result of the research shows that grammatical cohesion among sentences in the short stories in Annida magazine published in January-May 2006 can be classified into four types. They are reference, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. The following are the frequency of the occurrence of the grammatical cohesion from the highest to the lowest one: reference (69,28%), conjunction (18,79%), ellipsis (9,5%), and substitution (0,08%). Beside the grammatical cohesion, the result of the research also shows that lexical cohesion among sentences in the short stories in Annida magazine published in January-May 2006 can be classified into two types. They are reiteration (repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym and metonym) and collocation. The frequency of the occurrence of the lexical cohesion from the highest to the lowest is collocation (0,83%), reiteration (synonym (0,61%), hyponym (0,47%), and metonym (0,44%) ).

In this study, the researcher will also investigate more about the use of cohesion devices on short stories. But there are some differences from the previous study mentioned above. In this study the researcher will only analyze lexical cohesion used in English short stories. The application of lexical cohesion within this study will be focused on the analysis of reiteration and collocation.

Based on the reason above, the researcher is interested in identifying every text in selected short stories “One Night with a Maid”. Besides, the researcher

wants to analyze and classify each type and frequency of lexical cohesion in the each short story.

1.2Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the study above the research problems are stated as follows:

1. What types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

2. What is the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The objectives of this study are stated as follows:

1. To describe types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

2. To describe the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study is expected to have theoretical significance and practical

important application of discourse analysis and to give contribution toward the building of knowledge, especially in pragmatic study concentrated in lexical cohesion. As practical significance, the result of this study is expected to enrich the information for the people who concern to discourse analysis especially in lexical cohesion, and also it will help the next researchers, including the students of English Department University of Muhammadyah Malang, when they are going to do the research in this area.

1.5 The Scope and Limitation

In this study, the researcher only focuses on the analysis of lexical cohesion devices in the selected short stories of ” Embarrassing Short Stories “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur”. The researcher limits only five out of thirteen stories available in “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur released in Yogjakarta, October 2008.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding, the terms used in this study are defined as follows:

a. Analysis is the identification of the separate parts of (this correspond toughly to the notion of tearing it to pieces), to determine the relationship among the parts, and discover the relation to the whole Kenny (in Sugiarti, 2004).

b. Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of a text which can form connections between parts of the text (Tanskanen, 2006:7). It is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.

c. Lexical cohesion is a group of words that is lexically cohesive when all of the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic. d. Reiteration is one type of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of a

lexical item, the use of general word to refer back to a lexical item, and a number of things between the uses of repetition, synonimy, hyponimy, metonymy, and antonymy.

e. Collocation is the second type of lexical cohesion that collocation deals with the relationship between words, or the basis of the fact that these words often occur in the same surrounding or are associated with each other (Renkema in Lestari, 2009) f. Short story is a short piece of prose fiction, having few characteristics and aiming

at unity of effect (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language). g. Embarrassing is an emotional state of intense discomfort with oneself,

experienced upon having a socially unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. It is similar to shame, except that shame may be experienced for an act known only to oneself (The Oxford English Dictionary, 1989).