9 but which contain more associate meanings. The last is a privateauthorial
contextual symbo l. This symbol is created in the author‟s imagination and
conveys any number of meanings in the guiding context” p.108
c. How to Find a Symbol
Besides knowing the kind of symbol, the writer uses some other theories on how to find a symbol. Stanton 1965 says
“Usual clue which shows that a symbol is symbolic is somehow conspicuous for some reasons other than its factual importance. It may
be conspicuous because it repeats or resembles certain other details and the author may also make a detail conspicuous by describing it
more fully than its factual importance deserves, by making it unusual for no apparent reason, by mentioning it in the title, or by some other
means
” p.32 Moreover, according to Kennedy and Gioia 2010 in a literary work, the
storyteller often gives a particular emphasis to the symbol. It may be repeated throughout the story or even supply the story with a title. A crucial symbol will
also open a story or end it Kennedy Gioia, 2010. Therefore, to recognize the symbol in a literary work, the readers need to
be able to notice the detail of the literary work and understand it. The readers need to remember that in a literature, a few symbols are hidden Kennedy Gioia,
2010. Besides, the readers also need to know that symbol is created to deliver a meaningful thought, idea, emotion, experience and vision both for the readers and
the writer. There is also a theory by Stanton 1965 that can help the readers to recognize symbols as Stanton 1965 explains that in fiction, symbolism has three
usual effects. First, a symbol that appears during an important moment of the story underlines the significance of the moment. Second, a symbol repeated
10 several times reminds us of some constant elements
in a story‟s world. Last, a symbol that recurs in varying context helps to define or clarify theme.
In order to find and analyze symbols, Perrine 1974 also has a notion about how to find a symbol in a literary work. First, the readers should pay
attention on how the author gives certain details of an object, action or people. Symbols are often indicated by emphasis, detail repetition or position. Second, the
meaning of a symbol should be established and connected with the whole story because the meaning of the symbol depends on the context of the story, not
outside. A symbol in a literary work has meanings beyond its literal meaning. Symbols may have more than one meaning, but the meaning is still connected
with the context of the literary work. Those theories will help the writer to find and analyze the symbol in the literary work by applying it in the analysis process.
2. Relation of Symbols and Theme
According to Stanton 1965 symbols can be used to reveal the theme of a literary work. Stanton states that:
“Ideas and emotion often seem as real as any physical fact; yet they are invisible, intangible things. In literature, one way of giving them this
vividness of reality is to use symbols –concrete, factual details that evoke
these ideas and emotions in the rea der‟s mind” p.31
The main idea here refers to the theme of the story. The quotation above
shows that symbols can be used to reveal the theme of the novel through the memorable things for the readers. In addition, Guerin 2005 explains that
symbols can be used to reveal the idea of a story, “an awareness of multiple
meanings, even the etymologies of words as traced in dictionaries, will offer significant guidelines to what the work says” p. 74. The quotation shows that the
