11 awareness of multiple meanings refers to the memorable thingssymbol which
may suggest more than one meaning. Guerin 2005 also adds more explanation about how to find the theme from a work by noticing some suspicious things.
“We note that certain images, or colors, or references to time−a host of possibilities in our human experience−keep coming up. Some of these may
contribute to the setting of the work, its actual place and time, or more subtly, its ambience. Bit by bit, we think we began to see a theme
emerging from the work” p.75. According to Perrine 1974 theme is a controlling or a central idea of a
fiction. It means that the meaning of the words or symbols can be used to reveal or to explain the theme of a literary work. The theories from Guerin 2005 and
Perrine 1974 strengthen the idea of revealing the theme through symbols. It can be concluded that suspicious objects, characters, particular colors or
maybe an unforgettable event which are realized by the readers as the focus of the story can be considered as the moment when the readers finally find the theme of
a literary work.
3. Happiness
According to Seligman 2002 the theory of authentic happiness consists of three different paths to well-being; pleasure, engagement, and meaning. Each
path supports each other. Therefore, people need to cultivate all of them to achieve a full life. Seligman 2007 states that empirical work has shown that the
path is different, because each path is a unique predictor of life satisfaction, and their presence was associated with the higher level of life satisfaction. It is
supported by Seligman‟s 2002 idea that a “full life” consists of experiencing
12 positive emotions, pursuing engagement, and acquiring meaning. Here are each of
these pathways and how they may contribute to happiness. a.
Pleasure Pursuing pleasure is a viable option for increasing long-term well-being.
There is a relation between pursuing pleasure and well-being. Pleasure is indicated with daily experiences of positive emotions. Thus, people will have a
higher sense of well-being when they have more experiences of pleasure or positive emotions. Experiencing frequent positive emotions makes people have a
long-term sense of positive emotion. It is good to have a long-term sense of positive emotions because it will increase the level of well-being in life.
Moreover, experiencing positive emotions also able to affect someone‟s mood, for example when people experiencing positive emotions once in a day, it will make
her mood better during that day. Frequent experiences of positive emotions are also related to higher levels of life satisfaction.
b. Engagement
An alternative route to well-being is through engaging in activities that are exciting and absorbing; a situation that has been considered as
“flow‟. Flow contributes an important task in building many interesting activities. For example,
creating a game from some one‟s math homework by looking at how many
problems one can solve in 30 minutes makes the assignment felt less bothersome and interesting. Creating an interesting game to solve difficult task will increase
intrinsic motivation. Flow situation, therefore, may cause to long-term well-being through increasing positive resources to make an interesting activities, such as
