12 Years a Slave Movie

43 is to be polite to the others. Therefore, in her thesis, the analysis is about maxim flouting and politeness principle. The findings of her research are as follows. First, there are three types of maxim flouting in the interview; maxim of quantity, manner, and relevance. The highest rank is placed by quantity maxim flouting. Second, there are six maxims of politeness principle that are found in the interview; agreement maxim, modesty maxim, tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, and sympathy maxim. Finally, the purposes of maxim flouting in the interview based on the self- presentation of Rowling are found in four types. They are identity development, social approval, self-esteem, and social reward. Identity development and social approval place at the highest rank since Rowling shares much of her life experience and wishes that she is accepted, with her personality and thought, by the public. Another researcher focusing on maxim flouting is Jihan Achyun Kusumaningrum. Jihan is also a student of English Language and Literature study program. She is doing a slightly different research of maxim flouting. She correlates it to the society in which gender is her focus. She analyzes maxim flouting as used by the male character in the movie Cinderella Man. The thesis is entitled A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of the Flouting of Cooperative Principle Maxims done by the Male Main Character in Cinderella Man. Here, she combines two fields of study, sociolinguistics and pragmatics. The objectives of her research are to identify and describe the men’s linguistic features that are used by the male main character in Cinderella Man, to identify and 44 describe the kinds of maxim flouting that is used, and to explain the reasons for the male main character in Cinderella Man employed maxim flouting. The results of her research are first, there are four men’s linguistic features employed by the male character in Cinderella Man; report talk, command, tease and joke, swear and profanity. Second, the male character has been flouting the maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. Maxim of quantity has the highest number of maxim flouting. Then, the reasons for maxim flouting are varied; showing power, giving detail information, and also expressing emotion and solidarity. Compared to the two previous researches, this research differs on the object and the objectives of the study. The object of this research is a recent movie illustrating the life of slave. Of course, it is different from the object of an exclusive interview and the movie Cinderella Man. Besides, the theory used to analyze the reason for maxim flouting is also different. The first research applies self-presentation to analyze the purpose of maxim flouting, and then the second research relates the reason for maxim flouting with gender. Differently, this research uses Leech’s theory of illocutionary functions to analyze the reasons for maxim flouting. This theory is applied in order to provide a more comprehensive result of analyzing the reasons for maxim flouting uttered by a slave.

C. Conceptual Framework

Maxim flouting is a part of pragmatics concept involving an act of disobeying the rules of being cooperative in a conversation. Disobeying the rules 45 by maxim flouting is different from disobeying the rules by violating it. This research focuses on maxim flouting uttered by the Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie. In flouting the maxims, people are intentionally breaking the rules of Cooperative Principle to convey unstated meaning. People have possibilities to flout one or more maxims of Cooperative Principle. Grice’s theory of maxim flouting is used to answer the first objective of this research. According to Grice, there are four types of maxim flouting: quantity, quality, relevance, and manner maxim flouting. To flout the maxims, people use many strategies. The theory of Grundy is the most suitable theory to answer the second objective of this research. Grundy states that people may flout the maxims of Cooperative Principle by using rhetorical strategies. The strategies include tautology, overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question, and irony. Those are the strategies used to convey someone’s intention in maxim flouting. For some cases, the speakers’ implied meanings reflect the reason for maxim flouting. To answer the objective of identifying the reasons for maxim flouting, Leech’s theory of Illocutionary Function is used. Therefore, the reasons may be competitive ordering, asking, demanding, begging, convivial offering, inviting, greeting, thanking, congratulating, collaborative asserting, reporting, announcing, instructing, or conflictive threatening, accusing, cursing, reprimanding.