4 was a freeman; but then, he ended up keeping silent, then continuing his life as a
slave. In his 12 years as a slave, of course, Northup always made efforts to find a solution.
12 Years a Slave movie is based on a true story. It has the basic function of a movie as explained in the previous paragraph. Moreover, it gives some
illustration of the real situation. The fact that Northup wants to reveal his true identity gives a possibility of the occurrence of maxim flouting. On one side,
Northup wants to be back home, but, on the other side, he will be in danger if he insists that he is a freeman. Therefore, stating statements with hidden message is
very possible for Northup. In terms of pragmatics, the hidden message of Northup can be implicature
and the ways to convey the hidden message can be by maxim flouting as explained before. Therefore, studying the movie on maxim flouting is great to
conduct. Moreover, since the movie is based on true story, it can reflect the real example of maxim flouting and the form of maxim flouting uttered by slaves.
B. Research Focus
Related to the conversational maxims of Cooperative Principle, Grice in Cutting: 2008 makes a distinction between observing maxims and non-observing
maxims. Observing maxims means that a speaker fulfills the maxims to be cooperative in the conversation. On the other hand, non-observing maxims
supposes that a speaker fails in fulfilling the maxims of Cooperative Principle.
5 Maxim flouting belongs to non-observing maxims, beside maxim violation,
maxim opt-out, maxim infringement, and maxim suspension. The following study focuses on the maxim flouting happening in 12 Years a Slave movie. It involves
four types of maxim flouting; quantity, quality, relation, and manner and the strategy used by the main characters to flout the maxim. Besides, the reasons for
maxim flouting are also included. Based on the background of the study above, three problems are proposed in
this research as follows. 1.
What maxims are flouted by Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie?
2. What strategies are used by Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie
to flout the maxims? 3.
Why does Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie flout the maxims?
C. Research Objectives
Following the formulation of the problems, the objective of the research in specific is to analyze the maxim flouting in 12 Years a Slave movie. Whereas, in
general, the objectives of the research are: 1.
to identify the types of maxim flouting performed by Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie,
2. to document the strategies used by Solomon Northup in 12 Years a
Slave movie to flout the maxims, and
6 3.
to seek out the reasons for Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave movie to flout the maxims.
D. Research Significance
By doing a research related to maxim flouting, the researcher expects that the finding of the research are useful for many parties. Below are the significances
of the research that may be obtained: 1.
Theoretical Significance a.
The research, as a means of applying the knowledge of the researcher, makes that knowledge last long forever.
b. The research gives a widen example of maxim flouting in practice.
2. Practical Significance
a. The research gives more understanding of being cooperative with
or without observing the Cooperative Principle. b.
The research gives more references on pragmatics study of maxim flouting in Yogyakarta State University.
c. The research gives contributions to the next research on pragmatic
study and becomes a good reference for the candidate of
researcher.
d. The research gives the readers more knowledge of non-observance
of the maxims in Pragmatics.
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the researcher reviews some theories related to maxim flouting as her study. This review becomes the basic of the analysis of the study.
Therefore, it is very important. The theories reviewed are the notion of pragmatics, Cooperative Principle, and maxim flouting; covering its types,
strategies, and reasons.
A. Theoretical Review
1. The Notion of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of meaning Yule, 1996: 3. It studies the utterance of a speaker in a conversation, the meaning of the speaker, and also the meaning
interpreted by the listener. It also includes context or the circumstances when the conversation occurs in the analysis. For that reason, Yule 1996: 3 describes
pragmatics as a study of meaning in context. In his book Pragmatics, Yule 1996: 4 differentiates pragmatics from syntax and semantics in the way of pragmatics
concerns about the relationships of linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Pragmatics is the only one that includes human into the analysis.
In line with Yule, Rowe 2006: 166 states pragmatics as “the study of the effect of context in meaning.” It studies the practical use of language to obtain
certain purposes. Then, the meaning of a speaker can be interpreted more accurately by understanding the context.
