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passivation, nominalization, and the use of clause. In the strategy of inclusion he uses differentiation, objectivation-abstraction, identification, determination,
assimilation, and association-disassociation. Those two previous studies about CDA are similar to this study since
they analyzed CDA. Whereas, the study of “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Criminal Defense Lawyer’s Utterances Portrayed In The Lincoln Lawyer
Novel” definitely has several distinctions from the previous studies. What makes this study different from those studies is concerned with the object,
theory, and the focus of study. The first previous studies uses movie as the object and van Dijk’s theory of CDA on three structure level. It aims to reveal
the strategies used by the main character to normalize and to eliminate the common discourse of gender role. However, this study does not specifically
reveal the ideological purpose of the main character. Also, this study does not applied syntax element in analyzing the microstructure level. The second
previous study uses the political speech as the object and it uses van Leeuwens theory of CDA to reveal the strategies and ideological purpose of
the speaker. However, this study is different with the previous studies above. This
study used a novel as the object and employed van Dijk’s theory of CDA only
on macro and micro structure level to reveal the topics, discursive strategies, and the ideological purpose of the main character in the novel. The researcher
describes how the linguistic elements are used as the discursive strategies to assert and to legitimate the criminal defense
lawyer’s claims. It aims to shape
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jury’s and judge’s thought and decision to set his client free with a not guilty verdict and to get rid of the adversary from the trial the victim. Furthermore,
it also aims to get rid of the adversaries from his job the prosecutor and the jailhouse snitch.
H. Conceptual Framework
Language can appear right before reality is formed. Even, it can refer not to any reality at all. However, language in fact can create its own reality or
fact. For example, a person, a group, an opinion or even an idea is described as it should not be, but poorly describes by presenting some facts which are
beneficial to the speaker and conceals the other facts which is harmed for the speaker in order to accomplish their goal and marginalize the opponent or the
adversary. Therefore, discourse analysis is an important field to study this phenomenon.
A branch of discourse analysis is critical discourse analysis CDA. The study of CDA is an important topic in linguistics, since it deals on critically
analyze of discourse practice where ideological purposes are reproduced and naturalized. Therefore, by studying CDA someone can recognize the
strategies used by people who have a certain power in society trying to influence others to get support and agreement of others and also to get rid
hisher opponent. One example of this phenomenon is discursive strategy used by criminal defense Lawyer in order to protect hisher clients against the
charges.
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By Investigating CDA, the researcher examines how the criminal defense lawyer present and strengthen some evidences which are beneficial to his
client, and conceals other evidence which is harmful to him in order to marginalize the victim, witness and also the prosecutor in order to get the
jury’s and the judge’s support. By using this strategy, the defense lawyer successfully shatters the prosecut
or’s claim and eventually turns his guilty client apparent to be an innocent man.
This research aims to investigate the discursive strategy of criminal defense lawyer the main character portrayed in The Lincoln Lawyer Novel.
The researcher applies van Dijk’s theory in order to identify and to give
descriptive knowledge of van Dijk’s discursive structures dealing with the phenomena of language used by the main character as a discursive strategy;
and also to explain how the discursive strategies used by the main character to create and to emphasize positive self-representation and negative other-
representation. From CDA, what is worth being discussed is the description of what and
how strategies are used and naturalized to legitimate claims and allegation. In this study, types of CDA are things related to language analyzed by the
discursive structure of macro and micro structure. Macrostructure deals with a topic or issue of discourse which is discussed by observing the most salient
information which is emphasized by the speaker. While the microstructure points on the local meaning of the discourse, by observing the linguistic
elements such as semantics, syntax, stylistics and rhetorical aspects.
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Next, the researcher also investigated how the discursive strategy used by the main character in the novel to influence and to inculcate certain
ideological purpose in order to get support from the judge, and jury in the courtroom trial in order to set his client free from the charges. From
macrostructure, it leads to a certain topic, by this topic the speaker influence the hearer that what the speaker assert is the legitimate one. Microstructure
analysis points on the local meaning of the discourse, by observing the semantic, syntactic, stylistic and rhetorical aspects. The using of words, a
proposition, and certain rhetoric in the media is understood by van Dijk as the part of the writer’s or speaker’s strategy.
The phenomenon of discursive strategy of a criminal defense lawyer is portrayed very well in The Lincoln Lawyer novel. The novel tells about the
story of a prominent defense lawyer named Michael Haller. He is very adept in defending his client in the courtroom trial. His competency in defending his
client is best to be investigated by using CDA. Moreover, this novel is written by observing the work of a criminal defense lawyer. Therefore, the description
of the story in this novel is depicted accurately as the reality. For this reason, this novel is brought up as the data source of this research. Then, the
researcher formulates his way of thinking for this study into an analytical construct as follows.
