Form and Source of Data Instruments of the Research

42

A. Techniques of Data Collection

This research employed simak dan catat technique reading and note taking technique to collect the data from The Lincoln Lawyer novel. According to Sudaryanto 1993: 133-135, this is a technique for providing data through reading carefully and note taking. This technique of collecting data is a non interactive technique since it does not involve the researcher to interact with subjects who are being studied. To gather the data, the novel of The Lincoln Lawyer was accessed from the internet http:www.onread.comfbreader1435088. The full content of the novel was obtained, copied, and pasted into files in Microsoft Word format because it could not be downloaded directly. The procedures of collecting the data include the following steps. 1 Retrieving the full novel transcript of The Lincoln Lawyer from http:www.onread.comfbreader1435088; 2 Reading The Lincoln Lawyer novel to collect the data; 3 Identifying the utterances or discourses in the novel; 4 Classifying and transferring the selected discourses or utterances which are in accordance to the objectives of this study into data sheets as the raw data.

B. Method of Data Analysis

In observing the phenomenon of the study, content analysis was applied. This type of analysis was used to reveal the content of a book or text that explores the condition of the author or the society when it was written. 43 Wiersma 1995: 216 states that data analysis in qualitative research is a process of successive approximation towards an accurate description and interpretation of phenomena. Therefore, this research aimed to present an accurate description and interpretation of the phenomenon by revealing the condition of the society when it was written. Meanwhile, according to Moleong 2011: 125, data analysis is a process of organizing and classifying data into a certain pattern, category, and basic unit of analysis, so the theme can be found and working hypothesis suggested by the data can be formulated. That is why the data in this research were analyzed by using some steps. 1. Categorizing After getting the raw data in the form of the utterances of Michael Haller which contain discursive strategies, the researcher made a categorization system which was drawn to a table shown in the appendice. The table was used for categorizing topics, types of discursive strategy and also how these strategies were used. 2. Classifying The next step to do after the categorization system was done was putting the selected discourse or utterances containing certain discursive strategies as raw data in this research into the provided table. This classification step was the hardest step to do as this required a good and deep understanding of the theories employed, especially the CDA theory of van Dijk. 44 3. Analyzing When the classification was finished, the researcher started to analyze the data. In this study, the data analysis was also employed quantitative method since it involved numbers to get the percentage of each linguistic element in the table in order to draw one of inferences. 4. Discussing After analyzing and getting the data finding, the researcher red those findings in a scientific way. It means that the researcher not only red related findings to some employed theories, but he also explained and elaborated why and how the findings could be so. It was done by answering certain unwritten questions. One of the examples is, why a certain strategy could have the most often of existence while other type could be the rarest one. In addition, this kind of discussion was conducted to the whole findings of each table as well as to the second question in the form of explanation and elaboration. Above all, the analysis and discussion started with an analysis of topics or semantic macrostructures which van Dijk in Wodak and Meyer 2001: 102-103 give a first, overall, idea of what a discourse of texts is all about, and controls many other aspects of discourse and its analysis. Next, the researcher focused on the analysis of local meaning or micro structures such as the meaning of words, the structures of propositions, coherence and other relations between propositions. Then, both analysis at the level of global and local meaning, he recognized an overall strategy of positive