102
the ideology of exclusion. The analysis of topics and discursive strategies also reveals that the courtroom discourse of defense lawyer depicts an overall
negative other-representation of the prosecutor, victim, and the prosecutor’s
witnesses. On the contrary it depicts positive self-representation. Positive self- representation aims to turn his client apparent to be the innocent man.
Meanwhile, negative other-representation aims to legitimate the ideology of exclusion in order to get rid of the adversaries from the trial since they have
tarnished the justice in the trial and harm innocent defendant. B.
Suggestions
After conducting this study, the researcher proposes some suggestions as
follows.
1. To the general reader
The readers are suggested to read this study, so they can know about the study of CDA to uncover the ideological purpose in order to
manipulate some facts. Therefore, they can be more aware that language is not only viewed as a tool of communication but it also use
as a political communication with the purpose of influencing someone
’s idea, legitimating the claim, getting support, and eliminating the adversary. The researcher also suggests that the reader
should be more open-minded about the truth of a story or news. The reason is that, newsstory can be merely a tool which can be
constructed or can be manipulated to influence someone idea. It can be
103
done by using convincing reasons and also the way the claims are being delivered.
2. To students of English department
The English students especially those who take a concentration in linguistics should pay more attention on critical discourse analysis
CDA. By studying CDA, student can recognize and uncover the phenomenon of legitimating a claim and the attempt of ideological
inculcate in a discourse by speakers or writers. This phenomenon can be found not only in the courtroom trial, but also be in the news in
newspapers, television programs, movies, political speeches, and so forth. Thus, they should be more aware about the content of the news,
so they can be more open-minded about what the ideological purpose attempts to be delivered. Therefore they are not easily influenced nor
believe in a false insight. 3.
To the future researcher This study reveals that the language is used as a political
communication to influence someone ideas, to legitimate the claim, to get support, to eliminate the adversaries, and so on. The example can
be seen in the debate between a criminal defense lawyer against the prosecutor in the courtroom trial. Still, there are many other objects
which can be analyzed using the CDA approach. Eventually, the researcher suggests the future researcher to conduct the same study on
104
CDA to reveal what and how the discursive strategies are used to legitimate the speaker or writer’s claims and also to reveal the
ideological purpose behind the discourse production. The study of CDA can be done in difference object such as politician
’s speech, newspaper, movie, advertisement, and many more.
105
REFERENCES
A. Printed Sources
Amin, M. 2009. “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Stereotyping in It‟s
„A Boy Girl Thing‟ Movie”. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Brown, G and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Bungin, B. H.M. 2007. Penelitian Kualitatif : Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik, dan Ilmu social. Jakarta : Kencana Prenama
Media Group. Davies, A., and Elder, C. 2004. The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing. Eriyanto. 2012. Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Analisis Text Media. 10
th
Ed. Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakarta.
Ervin-Tripp, S.M. 1996. Context in language. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power. Harlow: Longman. Jayanti, S.D. 2011. A Critical Discou
rse Analysis of Social Actor‟s Representation on Mahmoud Ahmadinedjad‟s Speech At The United
Nations. Unublished Undergraduate Thesis, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Moleong, L. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. 29
th
Ed. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nunan, D. 1993. Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin English. Renkema, J. 2004. Introduction to Discourse Studies. Philadelphia: John
Benjamin Publishing Company. Richardson, J. E. 2007. Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical
Discourse Analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
106
Rogers, R. 2004. An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., and Hamilton,H.E. 2001. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Sobur, A. 2004. Analisis Teks Media; Suatu Pengantar untuk Analisis Wacana,Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing. Bandung:
Rosdakarya. Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta:
DutaWacana University Press. Trudgill, J. P. 1992. Introducing language and society. London: Penguin
Books. van Dijk, T. A. 1980. Macrostructures: An Interdisciplinary Study of Global
Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and Cognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
. 1993. Discourse and Society. California: Sage Publication. . 2004. From Text Grammar to Critical Discourse Analysis
Working Paper. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. . 2008. Discourse and Context: A sociocognitive approach. New
York: Cambridge University Press. van Leeuwen, T. 2008. Discourse and Practice : New Tools for Critical
Analysis. Sidney: Oxford University Press. Vanderstoep , S.W. and Jhonston, D. 2009. Research Method for Real Life.
Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wiersma, W. 1995. Research Methods in Education: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Widdowson, H. G. 2007. Discourse Analysis. London: Oxford University Press.
Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. 2001. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage Publications.
107
B. Electronic Sources
Connelly, M. 2005. The Lincoln Lawyer. New York: Hieronymus, Inc. [available at: http:www.onread.comfbreader1435088] [viewed
on 5 April 2012] Converse, P.E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics.
International Yearbook of Political Behavior Research. [available at:http:www.discourses.orgOldArticlesIdeological20discourse
20analysis.pdf] [viewed on 9 June 2012]
Jahedi, M and Abdullah F.S. 2012. Post-September 11 Discourse: The Case of Iran i
n “The New York Times”. International Journal. Selangor: Universiti Putra Malaysia. [available at: http:www.ccsenet.org
journalindex.phpijelarticleview146690] [viewed on 6 June 2012]
Rosidi, S. 2007. Analisis Wacana Kritis Sebagai Ragam Paradigma Kajian Wacana. Published paper. Malang: Islamic State University.
[available at: http:sakbanrosidi.files. wordpress.com 200807 sakban-rosidi
analisis-wacana-kritis-sebagai-ragam-paradigma- kajian-wacana.pdf] [viewed on 12 December 2012]
Shi, G. 2008. A Critical Analysis of Chinese Courtroom Discourse. International
Journal. Nanjing:
Nanjing Normal
University.[available at:https:www.equinoxpub.com journals index.phpIJSLLarticleviewPDFInterstitial91838624] [viewed
on 2 July 2012]
Tremblay, F.
2008. The
Ideology of Exclusion.
[available at:
http:francoistremblay.wordpress.com20081015the-ideology-of exclusion] [viewed on 9 December 2013]
van Dijk, T. A. 2006. Ideology and Discourse Analysis. Ideology Symposium Oxford. [available at: http:www.discourses.orgOldArticles
Ideological20 discourse20analysis.pdf] [viewed on 13 July 2012] [viewed on 12 September 2004]
. 2004. Ideology and Discourse: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Pompeu
Fabra University,
Barcelona. [available
at: http:www.discourses.orgUnpublishedArticlesIdeology20and
20discourse.pdf] [viewed on 3 June 2012]
