Data acquisition RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

29 at other sites, such as Chole Bay Mafia Is., Lindi, Kilwa Masoko, Bagamoyo and Latham Is. e.g. Mahongo, 1999. A single agency should be commissioned to co-ordinate the installation and operation of tide gauges to harmonise levelling, analysis and training of personnel. In Hydrology e.g. Temple and Sundborg, 1972, sediment transport in rivers needs full consideration in any feasibility study concerned with water development on river basins. There is a need to establish gauging stations on major rivers to monitor accurately the river discharges. It is recommended to establish water quality and sediment sampling programme for major rivers. It is also recommended to do as full an analysis as possible of the probable sedimentation in the proposed reservoirs. A summary of major recommendations is given in Table 7.

1.10 INFORMATION GAPS

This section gives a general observation on the information availability and coverage. A summary of information gaps is given in Table 8. Geology and Geomorphology are well covered for Dar es Salaam and northeastern Tanzania. Hydrology is well covered only for Rufiji and only at that time. Information is readily available. Climate Change Winds, Rainfall, Atmospheric Pressure, Sea Level rise: Winds are analysed only for extreme speeds. Statistical analysis of directions is not covered. Rainfall, atmospheric pressure and sea level trends are not covered. Hydrographic Conditions bathymetry and general oceanography: Nearshore bathymetry is not covered. Information on general hydrographic conditions is available. Ecology and Coastal Zone Management: Well covered. There are few publications on this subject. Coastal Processes and Engineering waves, currents, and sediment transport: Studies on waves and currents are localised and are lacking enough temporal variations to warrant statistical analysis. Sediment transport volumes, direction and distribution not well covered.

1.11 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

1.11.1 Data acquisition

A good assessment study will start with the acquisition of basic data on a number of important parameters that characterises the study area. Relevant characteristics of a natural coastal system include: coastal geomorphology and topography, historical relative sea level changes, trends in sediment supply and erosionaccretion patterns, hydrological and meteorological characteristics and ecosystem characteristics It is also important to collect data on the important socio-economic characteristics of the study area and to develop scenarios of their future development. These include: demographic development, trends in resource use and economic development, land use and ownership, infra-structural and other economic assets, cultural assets and institutional arrangements Once the data is collected, a GIS database should be created for management and further analysis. 30 Table 1.6: A summary of major recommendations. Subject Scientific recommendation Conservation Protection Local awarenessparticipationt raining Geology, Geomorphol ogy and Hydrology • Expand geographic coverage • Geological, sedimentological and radiometric dating to establish conditions of sea level rise • Mathematical modelling as a tool for hydrological studies • Sediment transport consideration in any development on the river sites • River gauging stations for water quality sampling - - Climate Change • Investigate variability of winds, rainfall and sea-level change. - - Hydrographi c Conditions • Investigate the relationship between the shores and hydrographics - - Ecology and Coastal Zone Managemet • Scientific evaluation of shoreline erosion • Interdisciplinary oceanographic research is required • Install low-cost, low-tech. Control measures • Establish the 200- m buffer zone • Enforcement of existing regulations • Address issues related to zonation of areas suitable for various activities • Promote education on the impact of erosion and coastal developments • Promote consultation process with local people • Create awareness at all levels of ecosystem functioning, threats, values and policy changes Coastal Processes and Engineering • Further studies to determine sediment budgets in rivers and estuaries • Wave hindcasting, refraction and diffraction analysis • Develop mathematical and physical models • Detailed engineering designs based on scientific data are necessary • Groynes have not solved erosion problems • Promote awareness on the effects of different protection methods on shorelines • Include coastal protection design and management in the engineering curriculum 31 Table 1.7: Summary of information gaps. Subject category Geographic al coverage Subject coverage Age of studies Duration of studies and information accessibility Geology, Geomorpholo gy and Hydrology Mainly Dar es Salaam and northwards Hydrology is covered only for Rufiji area Satisfactory Old Short statistically. Information accessible Climate Change Winds: Major coastal locations Tanga, Dar, Zanzibar and Mtwara Barometric pressure: unknown Sea level: Zanzibar and partly Dar Winds: 25 years. Sea level: 7 years for Dar es Salaam and 15 years for Zanzibar New Statistically short duration. Information is accessible Hydrographic Conditions Mainly Dar and particularly Kunduchi One year average Old Short. Information is available Ecology and Coastal Zone Management Mainly Dar and Tanga One year average New Short. Information is available Coastal Processes and Engineering Only Dar One year New Short. Information is available 32 Table 1.8: Summary of recommendations for filling the research gaps in reasonably short period of time. Subject category Methods Geographical coverage Subject coverage Monitoring Training Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology - Expand coverage to southern parts of Mainland, whole of Unguja, Pemba and Mafia. All major rivers should be gauged. Well covered Monitoring of water quality, volume and sediment transport is required - Climate Change - Establish new stations to cover other areas like Mafia, Lindi, and Bagamoyo Record all aspects of climate Establish and maintain tide gauges Provide low- tech and low-cost monitoring equipment Train ordinary people to record data and maintain instruments. Manufacture improvise some instruments Hydrographic Conditions Use modern instrume nts Cover entire coastal and offshore waters - Establish monitoring stations - Ecology and Coastal Zone Management - Cover all areas - - Seminars and workshops School curriculum to include coastal zone management Coastal Processes Use modern instrume nts Mathema tical and physical modellin g Wave hindcasti ng analysis Cover all areas Should cover all aspects Establish offshore station Establish stations at some designated locations Train local people in simple methods of monitoring Introduce coastal processes and engineering in school and University curriculum Organise workshops and Seminars 33

1.11.2 Recommended future work to fill in the information gaps for