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Depending on the research methodology, most of the studies have been baseline and applied studies, while a few of them fall under experimental and review studies. Figure 2 shows the frequency of articles falling under the
above-discussed groups.
Frequency of studies falling under different subject categories
10 20
30 40
50 60
GeologyGeomorphology Hydrology
Climate Change Hydrography
Resorce Utilisation Coastal Processes
Subject Category Frequency
Figure 2. Frequency of studies falling under different subject category
1.3.1 Baseline studies
A good number of studies in Geology and Geomorphology of the coastal zone of Tanzania have been baseline. Some of these studies are focussed on the origin and manner of preservation of beach reaches of Mtoni terrace
extending from Dar es Salaam to Tanga Aleaxander, 1966, 1968, 1969, geomorphological development Cilek, 1971, 1976, seasonal variation in beach configuration Hemed, 1987, geology and tectonics Mruma, 1996,
sediment distribution and transport Shaghude and Wannas 1995, Ngusaru 1995, coral reefs of Dar es Salaam Ortman, 1892.
On Climate Change, some studies have dealt with general climatological statistics for example E.A.M.D 1964 and the frequencies of surface wind speeds and direction for Tanganyika and Zanzibar E.A.M.D., 1964 . Others
for example, Lwambuka 1992 and Dubi 1998 evaluated wind data records to predict extreme wind speeds in Tanzania. Mwandosya et al. 1998 assessed the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change impacts in
Tanzania by applying General Circulation Models GCMs for various scenarios of climate change.
One of the pioneering studies in hydrography of the East African coastal waters is that of Newell 1957. Thereafter, several years passed before the hydrography of the East African coastal waters were studied again.
Leetmaa and Truesdale 1972 studied the change in currents in the East African coastal waters with the onset of the Southeast monsoon and Harvey 1977 studied some aspects of the hydrography of the waters off Tanzania.
Very few studies have dealt with the hydrodynamics of deltas and estuarines Hepworth, 1993. Nearshore bathymetry has been studied for Zanzibar Shaghude, 1995 and for Kunduchi Dubi and Nyandwi, 1999. No
publications were available on nearshore bathymetry of other parts of the coastal waters of Tanzania.
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Baseline studies in resource utilisation include those of Mwaiseje 1973, Francis et al. 1997, Semesi at al. 1998 and Dubi and Nyandwi 1999. These studies provide information on some aspects of sandymuddy
intertidal zone, coastal resources utilisation, conservation issues and coastal protection methods and management in Dar es Salaam area. Baseline studies in Coastal Processes have included those of Mushala 1978, who
investigated the factors that influenced coastal erosion, sediment transport and deposition along Kunduchi Beach Dar es Salaam. Other studies were aimed at getting baseline data for the mitigation and control of coastal erosion
Dubi and Nyandwi, 1999, causes of the disappearance of small islands like Maziwi Island in Tanga Fay, 1992. Baseline studies in hydrology began in the 1960’s and continued in the 1970’s with the search of suitable sites for
hydropower stations. These included studies by Otnes 1960 on general hydrology and water resources in the Rufiji basin. Temple and Sundborg 1973 studied discharge and sediment load analysis for the Rufiji river and
Page 1994 studied the hydrodynamics of the delta. Two mathematical models for the Rufiji river are presented by Shayo 1979 on the time-dependent river discharge and Chen and Dyke 1996 on the multivariable time
series sediment dynamics and its classification.
1.3.2 Visual observations
