Recommended future work to fill in the information gaps for

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1.11.2 Recommended future work to fill in the information gaps for

management First and foremost, it is essential to review critically any available material such as topographic maps, aerial photos and satellite images. Use may be made of the World Wide Web sites of various national and international organisations. The web sites may contain coastal bibliographies, databases, and tools as well as numerous links to other relevant information and organisations on the Internet. Examples include the Dutch Coastal Zone Management Centre http:www.minvenw.nlprojectsnetcoast , the Coastal Services Center of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration http:www.csc.noaa.gov , and the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal zone core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme IGBP http:www.nioz.nlloicz . On global sea level changes, there are a number of databases that may provide information. Examples include the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level PSMSL and the World Atlas of Holocene Sea Level Changes. Although all these sources could provide an indication of long-term, regional and relative sea-level changes, it is recommended to use this type of information with caution because, especially for Tanzania, the small spatial and temporal scales of the data reduce the reliability of its application at larger scales. The only option for Tanzania is to install additional tide gauges and commission an institution to manage and analyse the data. Suitable stations are Tanga, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Kilwa and Mtwara. On topography, geomorphology and land use, ordinary surveying can be conducted to provide basic and essential data. In combination with elevation data derived from satellite measurements r vertical aerial photography, surveying and echo-sounding can yield topographical and near-shore batymetric maps that can be used in refraction and diffraction analysis of waves and currents. Aerial video-tape-assisted vulnerability analysis AVVA method in combination with ground-truthing can be used to characterise the coastal topography and geomorphic features of the coastline. This study also allows for estimates of the biogeophysical effects of different sea level scenariosn and provides information on the types of coastline environments, land-use practices, infrastructure and population indicators. Mwandosya et al. 1998 did the AVVA only for Dar es Salaam and it is recommended that it be done for the entire coastline of Tanzania.

1.11.3 Strategies for sustainable coast protection