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Baseline studies in resource utilisation include those of Mwaiseje 1973, Francis et al. 1997, Semesi at al. 1998 and Dubi and Nyandwi 1999. These studies provide information on some aspects of sandymuddy
intertidal zone, coastal resources utilisation, conservation issues and coastal protection methods and management in Dar es Salaam area. Baseline studies in Coastal Processes have included those of Mushala 1978, who
investigated the factors that influenced coastal erosion, sediment transport and deposition along Kunduchi Beach Dar es Salaam. Other studies were aimed at getting baseline data for the mitigation and control of coastal erosion
Dubi and Nyandwi, 1999, causes of the disappearance of small islands like Maziwi Island in Tanga Fay, 1992. Baseline studies in hydrology began in the 1960’s and continued in the 1970’s with the search of suitable sites for
hydropower stations. These included studies by Otnes 1960 on general hydrology and water resources in the Rufiji basin. Temple and Sundborg 1973 studied discharge and sediment load analysis for the Rufiji river and
Page 1994 studied the hydrodynamics of the delta. Two mathematical models for the Rufiji river are presented by Shayo 1979 on the time-dependent river discharge and Chen and Dyke 1996 on the multivariable time
series sediment dynamics and its classification.
1.3.2 Visual observations
Visual observations have mainly been in geology and geomorphology studies. These include Alexander 1966, 1968 and 1969 who gave a descriptive method for shoreline classification and mapping of the Northeast coast of
Tanganyika. Alexander also described the marine terraces and beach ridges in the northeastern coast of Tanganyika. Using visual observation for some aspects Cilek 1971, 1976 described geomorphological
development of the seashore in the vicinity of Dar es Salaam. He also described the development of beach mineral deposits in Tanzanian. Using partly the method of visual observation, Kaaya 1982 studied the influence of
geological structure on submarine topography of the northern part of Zanzibar Channel. Lwiza 1994 used visual observations in investigating the patterns of winds, currents, waves and tides in combination with drogues and
wave staff. Most of these studies are considered to be baseline.
1.3.3 Experimental studies
Very few experimental studies have been undertaken with relation to coastal erosion in Tanzania. The only study in ecology and coastal zone management with some aspects of sediment transport and sedimentation is that of
Nzali et al. 1998. The experiment in this study included determination of sedimentation rates at the Taa reef in Tanga. In coastal processes and engineering, Edet 1991 introduced an experimental groyne system using
standard principles of groyne design.
1.3.4 Applied studies
Applied studies are those, which uses various methods for establishing the status of parameters and conditions of the coastal zone. For example, Kaaya and Boenigk 1986 analysed aerial photos to study geomorphology of the
Pleistocene Tanga terrace, north of Dar es Salaam using stereoscopes. In this study, grain size analysis was conducted using standard methods, such as those of Muller et al. 1967, Folk 1974 and Carver 1971. Heavy
metals were separated from light minerals using bromoform following the method of Carver 1971. ThU dating was carried out in the laboratory. Similarly, applied studies in climate change include those of along the coast of
Tanzania, Lwambuka 1992 on the evaluation of wind data record to predict extreme wind speeds in Tanzania, Dubi 1998 on evaluation of extreme wind speeds in relation to the design of coastal structures. In hydrology,
applied studies have dealt with multivariable time series of river discharge and sediment dynamics in the Rufiji delta Chen, 1996 and Shayo, 1979, discharge and sediment load analysis for the Rufiji river Temple and
Sundborg, 1973. On coastal processes, Dubi and Nyandwi 1999 carried out a multidisplinary study aimed at mitigation and control of coastal erosion at Kunduchi beach north of Dar es Salaam. Likewise, Edet 1991
studied coastal processes such as direction and height of breaking waves, currents and sediment transport.
1.3.5 Review studies
