Spontaneous speed is marked by the use of a number common lexical phrases, especially in nthe performance of certain language function.
Teacher should therefore supply a variety of phrases for different functions such as agreeing, disagreeing, expressing surprises, shock, and approval.
When the students are involved in specific speaking contexts, they can primed, in the same way with certain useful phrases, which they can
produce at various stages of an interaction. 4Negotiation language
Effective speaking benefits from the negotiator langauge that attempts tro seek clarification and to show the structure of what they are saying.
From the elements of speaking mentioned above, I can conclude that there are at least five elements of speaking that are used to assess, among others are
fluency, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and content.
2.4 Teaching Speaking at Junior HighSchool
According to the School Based Curriculum, junior high school students are in the functional level of literacy in which they are able to solve their problems KTSP
2007:277. Since English is a foreign language in Indonesia, students are not using it
in their daily life. They are mainly using it inside the classroom, when they have English subject. Meanwhile, learning a language needs a lot of practice. As the
result, the students’ speaking ability is hard to improve. Celce Murcia 2001:110 states that “in homogenous EFL classes, where all students speak the same
language and english is not used outside the classroom, present additional challenges for the teacher”. Thus, the students need teachers’ guidance in learning
speaking. Class activity organization that is authentic, motivating, and varied need to be considered by the teacher. Many techniques then should be used in teaching
speaking so that students can learn the language better.
2.5 The Definition of Conversation
A conversation is communication between multiple people. It is a social skill that is not difficult for most individuals http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiconversation.
Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from each other.
For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. A successful conversation includes mutually interesting
connections between the speakers or the things that the speakers know. For this to happen, those engaging in conversation must find a topic for wihch they both can
relate to in some senses. Those engaging conversation naturally tend to relate the other speaker’s statement to themselves. They may insert aspects of their lives
into their replies, to relate to other person’s opinion or point of view of a conversation. Conversation is indispensable for the successful accomplishment of
almost all activities between people, especially in the coordination of work, the formation of friendship, and for learning.
2.5.1 Classification of Conversation
Conversation can be classified based on some points http:en.wikipedia.orgwiki conversation, they are:
1 Subject The majority of conversations can be divided into four categories
according to their major subject content: a conversation about subjective ideas, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness; b
conversation about subjective facts, which may serve to sonsolidate a widely-held view; c conversation about subjective facts, which may
serve to sonsolidate a widely-held view; d conversations about other people usually absent, which may be critical, competitive, or supportive;
e conversation about oneself, which indicate attention-seeking behavior. In the real world, few conversations fall exclusively into one category.
Nevertheless, the proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the
mind set of the participants. 2 Function
Each type of conversations has its own cluster of purposes and expectations attached. Among them are: a functional conversations, is
designed to convey information in order to help achieving individual or group goal; b small talk, is a type of conversation where the topic is less
important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people and managing personal distance; c banter, is non-serious conversation,
usually between friends, which may rely on humor on in-jokes at the expense of those taking part. The purpose of banter may at first appear to
be an offensive affront to the other person’s face. However, people engaging in such conversation are often signaling that they are comfortable
enough in each other’s company to be able to say such things without causing offense. Banter is particularly difficult for those on the autism
spectrum, or those with semantic pragmantic disorders. 3 Spontaneity
In most conversation, the responses are a spontaneous reaction to what has previously been said. In infotainment talk show, however, the topic of
conversation is often pre-scripted. 4 Men and women
A study completed on July 2007 by Mattias Mehl of the University of Arizona shows that contrary to popular belief, there is a little difference in
the number of words used by men and women in conversation. The study showed that on average each of the sexes uses about 16,000 words per day.
2.6 Conversation Video
Conversation video is a media which is designed sistematically based on current curriculum and developing principles of learning so that it can be easier and more
fun for the students to understand the learning materials Azizah: 2008. While Cheppy 2007:5 stated that conversation video is a learning media that provide
messages from the participants and also contains concept, principles, and the
application of conducting the conversation with the help of video and the model recorded on it.
Amien and Lamere 2009:6 state that there are many advantages of using conversation video in teaching speaking especially for EFL students; among them
are: 1 as an audio visual media, conversation video can give students extra comfort
where they can see and hear the conversation to be conducted 2 all the topics can be displayed in one single shot and in only few minutes;
unlike book that the topics should be read in pages and also takes more time 3 video can add emotional impact to readers so that students can really feel how
the expressions, intonations, and emotions of the speakers when they uttered the sentences
4 it demonstrates how the body movement of the speakers when they have a talk, and
5 students can directly imitated the conversation conducted on the video as they are already recognize the emotion and the body movement of the speakers in
the video There are a lot of conversation videos available at the stores right now. We
can choose which one is needed in our teaching. The conversation videos used in this research were Living English episode 13, In Her Smile Vol. 2, and some
videos taken from http:englishtown.com and http:betaclip.com. Living English episode 13 talked about how greet people on the phone and how to make an
appointment on the phone. The video divided in two parts, one is without
translation and one is with translation. The video is easy to understand since the instructors speak clearly. Here is a picture taken from Living English conversation
video: Figure 2.1 Pictures taken from Living English conversation video
taken from Living English ep. 13
Some videos were taken from some websites. The videos could be downloaded easily through the websites or youtube. We must check wether the
videos we are going to download appropriate for our teaching or not. Here some pictures taken from the videos downloaded from the websites mentioned above:
Figure 2.2 Example of conversation videos downloaded from websites
taken from http:englishtown.com and http:betaclip.com
2.7 Interpersonal and Transactional Conversation in Speaking
