Language Competence in Speaking Elements of Speaking

2.3.1 Language Competence in Speaking

Phonology : pronunciation, stress, intonation Accuracy : syntax, vocabulary, cohesion Fluency : hestitation, repetition, reselecting inappropriate words, restructuring sentences, cohesion.

2.3.2 Elements of Speaking

The ability to speak fluently requires not only knowledge of language features, but also the ability to process information and language on the spot. According to Harmer 2001: 269 the elements necessary for spoken production are the following: 1Connected speech Speaking English can run effectively if the speakers are able to both produce the individual phonemes of English and use fluent “connected speech”. In connected speech, sounds are modified, omitted, added, or weakened. For this reason, involving students in activities design especially to improve their connected speech should be done. 2Expressive devices Native speakers of English change the pitch and stress of particular parts of utterances and speed, and show by the other physical and non-verbal means how they are feeling. The use of these devices contributes to convey meanings. They allow an extra expression of emotion and intensity. 3Lexis and grammar Spontaneous speed is marked by the use of a number common lexical phrases, especially in nthe performance of certain language function. Teacher should therefore supply a variety of phrases for different functions such as agreeing, disagreeing, expressing surprises, shock, and approval. When the students are involved in specific speaking contexts, they can primed, in the same way with certain useful phrases, which they can produce at various stages of an interaction. 4Negotiation language Effective speaking benefits from the negotiator langauge that attempts tro seek clarification and to show the structure of what they are saying. From the elements of speaking mentioned above, I can conclude that there are at least five elements of speaking that are used to assess, among others are fluency, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and content.

2.4 Teaching Speaking at Junior HighSchool