2.2.6 Independent and Dependent Clauses
The conversations that will be analyzed need to be separated per clause. Oshima and Hogue 2006:162 state, “Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A
clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb.” There are two kinds of clauses, independent and dependent clauses.
Oshima and Hogue 2006:163 define, “An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a
sentence by itself.” The examples of independent clause are as follows. 1
Subject Verb
Complement The sun
rose Water
evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones.
A dependent clause is also called as a sentence fragment. Oshima and Hogue 2006:163 state, “A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as
when, while, if, that, or who. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself.” The examples of dependent clause are as
follows. 2
Subordinator Subject
Verb Complement
... when the sun
rose ... ... if
the drought continues
for another year ...
2.2.7 Major and Minor Clauses
The constituents of mood can be used for identifying major and minor clauses. Eggins 2005:166 states, “A major clause is a clause which has a MOOD
component, even though that MOOD component may sometimes be ellipsed.” Here are the examples of major clauses:
a Non-elliptical full major clause
Henry James wrote
„The Bostonians‟ Subject
Finite Predicator
Complement MOOD
RESIDUE
b
Elliptical major clause in answer to: Did Henry James write it?
Yes he
did. Adjunct: Polarity
Subject Finite
MOOD
Eggins 2005:166 adds, “Minor clause, on the other hand, are clause which have never had a MOOD constituent, for example, Oh, dear, Well, Eh?,
OK.”
2.2.8 Mood
Mood is a structure which shows the role or position of the speakers. Eggins and Slade 1997:74 state, “At the clause level, the major patterns which enact roles
and rol e relations are those of mood.” According to Eggins 1994:156, there are
some elements grammatical structure: MOOD and RESIDUE. He wasn‟t a physicist
MOOD RESIDUE
MOOD constituent has three main elements: 1
an expressions of polarity: either YES positive polarity or NO negative polarity;
2 a nominal-type element SUBJECT; and
3 a verbal-type element, FINITE.
Besides those three elements, there are also some constituents of the MOOD. These are as follows.
2.2.8.1 Subject
The definition of the Subject offered by Halliday 1985a:76 is that it realizes the thing by reference to which the preposition can be affirmed or denied. The
identification of the Subject can be achieved by the tag test: the element that gets picked up by the pronoun in the tag is the Subjects.
Henry James wrote “The Bostonians” didn‟t he?
Subject Subject
Eggins and Slade 1997:75 state, “The Subject is the pivotal participant in the clause, the person or thing that the proposition is concerned with and
without whose presence there could be no argument or negotiation.” The part of
speech of subject is generally noun or pronoun.
2.2.8.2 Finite
The second essential constituent of the MOOD element is the Finite. Eggins and Slade 1997:77 state, “The Finite expresses the process part of the clause that
makes it possible to argue about the Subject participant.” Moreover, Halliday
1985a:75 defines the Finite in terms of its function in the clause to make the
preposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it. Here is the example of finding the subject and finite in a sentence.
George was
reading wasn‟t
he? Subject
Finite Finite
Subject Eggins 1994:158
There are two kinds of finite; temporal finite verbal operators these words anchor the poposition by reference to time and finite modal operators
these words anchor the proposition not by reference to time but by reference to Modality.
Henry James
could
write Subject
Finite:modal Eggins 1994:159
Polarity is always present in the Finite, even though it does not appear as element when polarity is positive. When polarity is negative, the not or
n‟t morpheme has to be used.
Henry James didn‟t
write “The Bostonians” Subject
Finite:negative Eggins 1994:160
Subject and Finite are linked together to form the MOOD constituents. The other box is for RESIDUE.
I learnt
the English language from this guy. Subject
Finite MOOD
RESIDUE Eggins 1994:160
2.2.9 Residue
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