In the conversations between the tour guide and the foreign tourists in Prambanan Temple, they sometimes use imperatives. Someone who uses
imperative is assumed as someone who has authority or has a dominant position. However, in these conversations, the tour guide uses imperative to give a caution
Watch your head and a part of the story Please, don‟t leave Sita alone.
The other analyses of imperatives can be seen in Appendix II-IX p. 117-170
4.2 The Realization of Modalities of the Conversations between the Tour
Guide and Foreign Tourists in Prambanan Temple
Modality is divided into two types; modalization and modulation. Modalization involves the expressions of two kinds of meanings, probability and usuality
while modulation involves the expressions of obligation, inclination, and capability. The result of modality analysis is presented in the table as follows.
No Conversation
Speaker Modality
Probability Usuality
Obligation Inclination Capability 1. IT
4 1
3 13
2. IN 2
2 2
3. IIT 2
3 15
34 4. IIG1
2 5. IIG2
6. IIIT 2
3 3
7. IIIU1 8. IIIU2
Total 6
2 6
23 54
Table 4.7 Modality Analysis
Modalities in the conversations between the tour guide and the foreign tourists are probability, usuality, obligation, inclination, and capability. The most
frequent modality used is capability. The explanations are as follows.
1 Probability
Probabilities are spoken by the tour guide in the first and third conversations. These are shown by the word may and probability metaphors I think and I guess.
These three probabilities are included into median probability. The realization of these probabilities are as follows.
a I guess you‟re a teacher. Conversation I – N
b I think we end our tour here. Conversation I – T
c Maybe your wife has ten arms. Conversation III – T
N says I guess because he is not sure whether the tour guide is a teacher or not. I think and maybe are used by the tour guides to show the probabilities
too. The probabilities spoken by the tour guide are only six. This means that
most of the ideas in the conversations spoken by the tour guide are certain.
2 Usuality
There are only two usualities realized in the conversations. The tour guide uses never. Never expresses judgment of frequency. The realization of
usualities in the conversations are as follows. a
But if you were never touched by Ravana, Conversation II – T b
because Ravana never touched me. Conversation II – T The conversations only contain two usualities. It means that the clauses
in the conversations explain about things which are done only once, not a habit, so they don‟t need to use words that showing the frequency.
3 Obligation
There are six obligations realized in the conversations. Four obligations are spoken by the tour guide and the rest is spoken by the tourist from New Zealand.
The words that show the obligation are should and must. The examples are as follows.
a You should see from here, Mister. Conversation I – T
b You must keep my wife, Sita. Conversation II – T
Should is used by the tour guide in example a because he intends to give advice to the tourists. Should is included into median obligation. Must is
used in example b. The clause is a part of dialogue in Ramayana story spoken by the tour guide. Must is a high obligation which expresses direction. The tour
guide does not mean to give order to the foreign tourists, but must here is used to tell the story of Ramayana.
Can in the example below is an obligation. The function of can in this clause is for asking permission.
c Can I stand there to take a picture? Conversation IN
The conversations between a tour guide and foreign tourists in Prambanan Temple are casual conversations. The speakers do not have an
authority to give order to other speakers. They only give direction, advice, and permission to others.
4 Inclination
Inclination is shown by the word will in the conversations. The inclination is the second most frequent modality used in the conversations. There
are 23 inclinations spoken by the tour guide and the tourist from New Zealand. Will is a high modulation that means conviction. In these conversations, the
speakers want to show conviction. The examples are as follows. a
So, I will find Zen enlightenment today. Conversation I – N b
You will be very clever because the trunk contains full of knowledge. Conversation II
– T The use of will can be assumed that the speaker wants to show the
conviction of his future plans. The certainty is 100. There are only 23 inclinations because most of the clauses in the conversations use past and
present tenses rather than future tense.
5 Capability
Based on the result analysis, the most frequent modality used by the tour guide is capability. Capability can be analyzed through the Finite can and adjective of
capability to be able. In the conversations between the tour guide and the foreign tourists, all the capabilities are shown by can. The speakers of these capabilities
want to show the ability of the Subject of the clause. The examples are as follows.
a You can predict your death. Conversation I - T
b You can go on foot or take a mini train. Conversation II - T
c Can we go to the other temples through this this way? Conversation II –
G1 d
We can see the statue in the second room. Conversation I – T The other analyses of modalities can be seen in Appendix XVIII-XXII
p. 364-372. The most frequent modulations appear in the conversations between a
tour guide and foreign tourists in Prambanan Temple is capability. The speakers use can to express the ability, competence, or capacity to do some things. The
tour guide shows the foreign tourists some things that are be able or not be able to do in Prambanan Temple or to do by the characters in the stories.
Comparing to the amount of all clauses in the conversations, the percentage of modalities is only about 7.8 . It means that the conversations
have 100 of certainties, less possibilities.
4.3 The Realization of Attitudes of the Conversations between the Tour
