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2.1.9.2. Testing the Language Elements
1 Phonology ; a test of phonology concerns pronunciation, stress, and intonation. 2 Vocabulary ; a test of vocabulary concerns word meaning and
arrangements. Vocabulary tests measure students’ knowledge of the meaning of certain words and word groups.
3 Grammar ; a grammar test measure students’ ability to manipulate structures and to distinguish appropriate grammatical forms from inappropriate ones.
On the other hand, Lado 1961 said that there are two variables in language testing, they are: language skills and language components. Language skills can be
divided into four namely: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Besides, there is another skill, that is ability to translate. Language elements can be divided into four,
namely: pronunciation, grammatical structure, the lexicon, and cultural meaning. Similar to Heaton, Harris 1969 describes that language included four
language skills and complexes of skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and four language elements, namely: phonology, grammatical structure, vocabulary rate
and general fluency. Briefly, he classifies the language into the four skills and four elements. He clarifies his idea to the following table.
Table 1 Chart of the language skills and their components
Language Skills Components
Listening Speaking Reading Writing Phonology
√ Structure
√ Vocabulary
√ √
Fluency √
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2.2. Theoretical Framework
From the theories of language testing, the teachers need some requirements to construct a good test. A test is said to be good if it is valid, reliable, and has
practicality. The test maker is faced with the matter of how to make a test with good characteristics. They also should think deeply how to construct the test with
appropriate requirements of detailed course syllabus or on the books and other materials used.
This study is aimed to find out the framework of the progress test. In order to know the framework of the progress achievement test, the test blueprint is needed. It
shows how a test is constructed and how far it reflects the curriculum as the evaluation. It will indicate in which area of skills and language elements that the test
works. From that value, the test blueprints help the teacher in guiding the students to prepare the next exam since it will inform the students what they may expect to find
on the examination. Two questions are formulated as research problems. The first problem was:
what are the blueprints of the progress test for the first year students of SMAN 1 Pamulang. The second research problem was: what are the English test types of
progress test items for the first year students of SMAN 1 Pamulang related to the objectives stated in Competency Based Curriculum. In order to answer the first
research problem, the progress achievement test will be analyzed based on the Competency Based Curriculum. Each item of the progress test will be categorized
based on the four skills; they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Next, each item was analyzed to find its construct. To investigate the construct of the progress
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