Review of Related Theories

According to M.J Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students, there are 9 ways to know the characteristics of the character, those arefrom personal description like the character ’s appearances and clothes, character description as seen by another or opinions from other characters, Speech of the character or what character said in the story, character’s past life or past experience, conversation of other characters and all things that other characters said about him or her, character reaction to some situations, direct comment by the author, thoughts by the third person point of view, and mannerisms that can describe a character’s habits. M.H. Abrams also has some methods for characterizing, in A Glossary of Literary Terms he says, “The author may show not only external speech and actions, but also character’s inner thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events; for a highly developed mode of such i nner showing” Abrams, 1999: 33-34. So, instead of speech and physical actions that occur in the story, the author may show character’s thoughts, feelings and responses to the events that happen in the story. 2. Theory of Feminism Feminist literary criticism is the product of woman movement that deals with literature and focuses on the significance of the images of the woman that appear in literary work. Barry, 2002: 121. It shows the importance of the women in every aspect of our life and women have the same role just like men. Barry also writes: In this sense the women’s movement has always been crucially concerned with books and literature, so that feminist criticism should not be seen as an off-shoot or a spin-off from feminism which is remote from the ultimate aims of the movement, but as one of its most practical ways of influencing everyday conduct and attitudes Barry 2002: 121-122. It proves that feminist criticism wants to show us how reliable the women participation is in our daily life and prove that women have the same power as men. Deborah L.Madsen in Feminist Theory and Literary Practice also explains about Feminist literary theory and its aims. She said that literary feminism tried to show the value of the feminine by promoting the image of women in literature so everyone sense it Madsen, 2000:16. She also mentions three main aims from Feminist literary theory, she states: Feminist literary theory had three main aims: to expose the workings of the ubiquitous patriarchal power structure; to promote the rediscovery of women’s historical achievements including literary history; and to establish a feminine perspective on critical, literary, political, scientific, philosophical and other. Madsen, 2000:14-15 We know that they want an equality and recognition from the others in many aspects of life and also create a woman perspective on those subjects and want to show about the image of woman. From the basic theory of feminism, we also have Multicultural, Global, and Postcolonial Feminism. Those branches of feminism concern to women from any race, ethnicity, class, sexual identity, age, etc. Tong, 2009: 215. Multicultural Feminism initially focus only in one nation, the U.S., then Global and Postcolonial Feminism widen the scope, like Rosemarie Tong says in her book: Multicultural feminist focus on the basic insight that even in one nation — the United States, for instance —all women are not created or constructed equal. Depending on her race and ethnicity but also on her sexual identity, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI gender identity, age, religion, level of education, occupation or profession, marital status, health condition, and so on, each U.S. woman will experience her identity and status as a woman differently. Expanding on multicultural feminists’ basic insight, global and postcolonial feminists stress that depending on whether she is a member of a First WorlddevelopedNorthernWestern nation or instead a Third WorlddevelopingSouthernEastern nation, each woman in the world will be positively or negatively affected in significant ways Tong, 2009: 200- 201. Multicultural feminism has many similarities with Global and Postcolonial feminism; both of them focus on the women from any race, ethnicity, class, etc. The one that differentiate them is only in the scope. Multicultural feminism only focus in United States while Global and Postcolonial feminism focus in all developed and developing nations and also the nations that were colonized.

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

1. The Writer’s Biographical Background Alice was born in 1910s on Abydos Station, out from Port Hedland, Australia. Her mother was fifteen years old when she had her, and they left there when Alice was a baby. Her mother’s name was Ngulyi and her European name was Dot. She was born on Pilbara Station, which is between Roebourne and Marble Bar, Western Australia. After leaving Abydos, they went to Kangan station and Ngulyi travelled from station to another station to work. They lived there for a while and they moved to Roebourne at Alice’s father house and they were staying there. They lived there in the aborigine society. When Alice was twelve years old she was taken to the south to get an education. The Campbells promised to return Alice to his family when she finished her study, but she ended up in Moore River Settlement. According to the website www.noongarculture.org.au, Moore River Settlement was designed to be a self supporting farming settlement and planned to provide schooling, employment, and also health facilities, but during 1920s it changed from farming to the interment for aborigine people. It also stated that “Children of ‘mixed decent’ or what was termed ‘half-castle’ aboriginal people, were brought there to be trained as domestic servants for white society” www.noongarculture.org.aumoora. Alice was not the only victim of this movement, many aborigine children were taken from their family at that time. In Moore River, Alice stayed in a dormitory which had very strict rules that sometimes oppressed her freedom. In there she was given a training to work. In her childhood, she was sent to some family to work there until she got older and went back to the settlement. She got married in 1932, right after she went back to the settlement. In history, 1930s era was a difficult time for people in Australia, it called “The Great Depression”. According to the website www.australia.gov.au, this event gave terrible impact to Australian society, people at that time did not have a steady job and income. The main cause of the Great Depression is not completely solved, the website states “Although the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange determined its timing there were several factors involved: A fall in export prices and sales, a fall in overseas loans leading to a reduction in government capital spending, and a fall in residential co nstruction”www.australia.gov.auabout-australiaaustralian- storygreat-depression. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI