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c. The Situation
A situation affects what a person perceives. Perceiving the perception accurately is also related to how well the person adjusts his or her behavior to the
situations.
d. The Self-Concept
Self-concept means the way people feel about and perceive themselves. According to Steers 1991, p. 66, self-concept represents a major influence on
how people perceive others. It means that this self-concept is important because the people’s mental picture of themselves determines much of what they perceive
and do. According to Altman et al. 1985, p. 90, an individual’s self-concept changes as the person matures.
In the perceptual process, several obstructions can be identified that inhibit the accuracy of people’s perception. According to Altman et al. 1985, p. 91, the
factors that contribute these obstructions are the stereotyping, the halo effect, the perceptual defense, and the projection.
a. The Stereotyping
According to Robbins 2005, stereotyping is judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs p. 141. It
means that a person creates his or her own perception only based on a limited amount of information. Altman et al. 1985 state the bases for such stereotyping
may be derived from the schoolbooks and the mass media or from the past experience.
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b. The Halo Effect
According to Luthans 2005, the halo effect refers to the use of a known particular trait as the basis for an overall evaluation p. 180. It means that one
single trait may overrule all other traits in forming the perception of a person. Personal description can also suppose a halo effect.
c. The Perceptual Defense
People have a tendency to select information that supports view or to ignore or fail to perceive the information that is contrary to their view. Steers
1991 notes through the perceptual defense, people tend to ignore information that is either personally threatening or culturally unacceptable. It occurs when
people are presented with a situation that contradicts their beliefs and attitudes p.72.
d. The Projection
Projection occurs when people attribute their own feelings to others. People’s perceptions may be distorted by emotions the people are experiencing or
by personality traits the people may possess.
2. Community Language Learning
Community Language Learning is one of many teaching methods which focus on the speaking skills. Larsen-Freeman 2008 states, “The most important
skills are understanding and speaking the language at the beginning, with reinforcement through reading and writing” p. 101. According to La Forge
1983, Community Language Learning is a supportive language contract which consists of group experience and reflection. It means that Community Language
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