CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher discusses related literature that becomes the basic theory of the study. All of the problems of this study will be discussed based
on those theories. This chapter contains a theoretical description involving some relevant theories related to this study and a theoretical framework providing the
summary of the theories which are used as the guideline to solve the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, there are three points to be discussed. They are perception, Community Language Learning, and speaking skill.
1. Perception
According to Robbins 2005, perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment p. 134. While Cherry 2013 states that perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of the
environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli. Perception is the acquisition of specific knowledge about objects or events at any particular
moment. It occurs whenever the stimuli activate the senses. Thus, it involves receiving stimuli, organizing the stimuli, and interpreting the organized stimuli so
as to influence behavior and attitudes Gibson et al., 2006, p. 99.
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The process of the perception happens when an individual screens, selects, organizes, and interprets the stimuli to give them meaning Steers, 1991, p. 57. It
is a process of making sense out of one’s environment so an appropriate behavioral response can be made. It does not necessarily lead to an accurate
portrait of the environment, but rather, to a unique portrait, influenced by the needs, desires, values, and disposition of the perceiver.
Stimuli Sensor’s
selection of stimuli
Perception, organization, and
interpretation of stimuli
Behavioral response
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman, Valenzi Hodgett1985, p. 86
There are four characteristics in an individual which influence the individual’s perception. They are the selection of stimuli, the organization of
stimuli, the situation, and the person’s self-concept Altman et al., 1985, p. 86.
a. The Selection of Stimuli
Of all the stimuli with which we are surrounded, we focus on only a small number. According to Altman et al. 1985, this process is known as selection and
is on a reason why people perceiving things differently p. 86.
b. The Organization of Stimuli
After information has undergone the selection process, it must be arranged so as to become meaningful. The mind tries to bring order by selecting certain
items and putting them together in a meaningful way that is based on experience.
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