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+fricative, + sibilant]. [l] is composed of features such as [+lateral, approximant, +voice]. [t] is composed of features such as [+stop, - voice].
2.1.4.2.5 Palato-Alveolar
English palatal sounds [ʃ], [Ʒ,] [tʃ], [dƷ], according to Giegerich 1992, are produced by raising the front of the tongue towards the back of the alveolar ridge
and the front of the palate as in she and leisure. However, each of them is a discrete sound which is composed of different features. [ʃ] is composed of
features such as [+fricative, +sibilant, - voice]. [Ʒ] has the features of [+sibilant, +fricative, +voice]. [tʃ] is composed of features such as [+sibilant, + fricative, -
voice].
2.1.4.2.6 Palatal
In the production of a palatal sound [y], Giegerich maintains, the front of the tongue is raised towards the palate, slightly further back than in a palato-alveolar
sound. Example: you.
2.1.4.2.7 Velar
English velar sounds [k],[g],[ŋ], according to Giegerich 1992, are produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the the soft palate or velum. Examples:
back, bag and bang. However, each of them has different features. [k] has the features of [+stop, -voice, +back]. [g] has the features of [+voice, + dorsal, + back,
+ stop]. [ŋ] is composed of features such as [ +nasal, +voice]. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2.1.4.2.8 Glottal
Glottal sound [h], according to Collins and Mees 2003, is produced when the glottis is open and there is no air stream in the mouth, while [ˀ ] is produced
when the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords.
2.1.5 English Manner of Articulation
According to Mees a n d Collins 2003, manner of articulation indicates the how of sound production. All articulations involve a stricture i.e., a narrowing
of the vocal tract which affects the air-stream. Collins and Mees explain further that there are three possible types of stricture: complete stricture, close
approximation, and open approximation.
2.1.5.1 Voiced and Voiceless
Collins and Mees 2003 explain that the vocal folds vibrate rapidly when the air-stream is allowed to pass between them, producing what is termed
voice - that
is, a sort of ‘buzz’ which one can hear and feel in vowels and some consonant sounds. Examples of vowels are [a],[ɪ] as in aim and ink and voiced consonants
are [b], [d] as in bind and dine. For voiceless sounds
, the two phonologists assert,
the vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilage are held wide apart which allows the air stream to escape freely. Examples of voiceless consonants are [t],[ f] as in time
and fine. Apart from the how of sound productions, manner of articulation also
presents the distinctive features between sounds. Sounds [p] and [b] which are both bilabials, for instance, are different in terms of their manner of articulation.
Sound [b] belongs to a voiced bilabial consonant while [p] a voiceless bilabial consonant. In other words, they are composed of different features.
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2.1.5.2 Oro-nasals
In addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, Collins and Mees 2003 explain, the soft palate is raised so that the nasal tract is blocked off, then the air
stream will be completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up and an oral stop will be formed. Oral stops include [p],[b],[t],[k] and [g]. When
the articulators come apart, the two phonologists explain, the air-stream will be released in a small burst of sound. This kind of sound occurs in the consonants in
the words “pie, buy” bilabial closure, “tie, dye” alveolar closure and “kye, guy” velar closure.
If the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that it can go out through the nose, Collins and Mees 2003 explain, the sound produced is a
nasal stop. Sounds of this kind, the two phonologists say, occur at the beginning of the words “my” bilabial closure and “nigh” alveolar closure and at the end
of “sang” velar closure. Though both the nasal sounds and the oral sounds can be classified as stops, Ladefoged 2005 argues, the term stop by itself is almost
always used to indicate an oral stop and the term nasal to indicate a nasal stop. Thus, the consonants at the ends of the words “bad” and “ban” would be called
an alveolar stop and an alveolar nasal respectively.
2.1.5.3 Fricatives
In the production of fricative sounds, Collins and Mees 2003 explain, the articulators are close to each other but do not make a complete closure. The air
stream passes through a narrowing, producing audible hiss-like friction as in English [f,] [v],[θ], [ð],[s], [z], [ʃ], [Ʒ],[ h].
