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other words such as “aspects [æspeks], he must be [hɪmʌsbɪ], grandpa [græmpa], postman [pousman], west cliff [wesklif], and handsome [hænsəm].
2.1.7.4 Insertion or Epenthesis
Insertion or epenthesis, Reima 1989 explains, is a phonological process in which a certain sound is inserted in order to facilitate pronunciation. The
phonologist points to the sentence “I am e tired” as an example. In practice, the sentence is pronounced as [ʌɪmət
h
ɑɪəd]. A sudden transition from [m] which is bilabial to [t] which is alveolar seems rather difficult. Thus, the [ə] is inserted for
easier pronunciation.
2.1.7.5 Phonotactic Rules
Speakers of a language have an implicit knowledge of which are the combination of sounds that are allowed or are frequent in their language. In
English, Finegan 2004 explains, having several consonant sounds together is fairly normal. For example: r + k + t as in worked. This pattern will have a very
direct influence on an L2 student learning English. In English, the linguist argues, consonant +consonant CC combinations in
initial position are very normal. To these possibilities, one has to add the fact of having an [s] as the first consonant and a plosive as the second only voiceless -p,
t, k-, not voiced b, d , g. For examples, St + vocal as in stress, stand. Sk + vocal as in squint, skull.
2.1.7.6 English Stress
According to Reima 1989, English has the following stress rules: 1.
The great majority of two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable, e.g.,‘never, ‘breakfast, ‘Monday.
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2. A number of words have two different stress patterns according to whether they are verbs or nouns, e.g., absent, accent, conduct, convict, digest,
separate, perfect, permit, present, suspect, transport. 3. When a suffix is added to a word, the new form is stressed on the syllable as
was the basic word, e.g., a’bandon
a’bandonment ‘happy
‘happiness ‘reason
‘reasonable 4. Words ending in {-tion, -sion, -ic, -ical, -ity,} almost always have primary
stress on the syllable preceding the ending, e.g., ‘public
pu’blicity bi’ology
bio’logical con’tribute
contri’bution e’conomy
eco’nomical 5. If a word ending in -ate or -ment has only two syllables, the stress falls on the
last syllable if the word is a verb, but on the first syllable if the word is a noun or an adjective. When stressed, the ending is pronounced [eyt], [m] [nt]; when
unstressed, it is pronounced [t],[m][n], e.g.,: cre’ate
de’bate in’flate
lo’cate ‘climate
‘senate ‘private
‘cognate
However, Giegerich 1992: 181 notes that stress in English is phonemic only to a limited extent. The main function of stress in English, he explains, is not
of differentiating words. Its main function is to maintain rhythm in connected speech. For this reason, he argues, English is a stress-timed-language in which
stresses occur at roughly equal timing intervals. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
