The Causes of Errors

There is further information about errors that may be made by students. 1 Omission Omission errors are the absence of an item that must appear in a well formed utterance. 18 Content morphemes carry the bulk of the referential meaning of a sentence: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. For example, in the sentence Mary is the president of the new company. The words Mary, president, new, and company are the content morphemes that carry the burden of meaning. If the sentence to be like this, Mary president to be like this It could deduce a meaningful sentence, while if the sentence to be like this one, Is the of the The last example, it cannot be understood by the speaker. 2 Additions Addition is the presence of an item which must not appear in a well-formed utterance. It means that the learner adds unnecessary items in herhis sentences. Additional is categorized into three types, namely double markings, regularizations, and simple addition. 19 a Double markings Double markings are two items rather than one are marked for the same feature. 20 For example in tense, he doe sn’t knows my family or we didn’t went there. b Regularizations Regularization is a marker that is typically added to a linguistic item is wrongly added to exceptional items of the given class that do not 18 Ibid. p. 154. 19 Ibid. p. 156. 20 Ibid. take a marker. 21 For example, the verb eat does not become eated, but ate; the noun sheep is also sheep in the plural, not sheeps. c Simple additions Simple addition is the use of an item which should not appear in a well-formed utterance. 22 For example, the fishes doe sn’t live in the water for the 3 rd person singular or a this for article. 3 Misformation Misformation is the use of the wrong form of the morpheme or structure. As in additions, Misformation has three types error. There are regularizations, archi-forms, and alternating forms. 23 a Regularizations Regular marker is used in place of an irregular one, as in runned for ran, gooses for geese, mouses for mice. 24 b Archi-forms Archi-forms are the selection of one member of a class of forms to represent others in the class. For example, learners may also select one member of the class of personal pronouns to function for several others in the class, me hungry. 25 c Alternating forms Defines as fairly free alternation of various members of a class with each other. 26 For example in the case of pronouns: Masculine for feminine vice versa, as in he for she Plural for singular vice versa, as in they for it Accusative for nominative case vice versa her for she In the case of verb: I seen her yesterday 21 Ibid, p. 157. 22 Ibid, p. 158. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid, p. 160. 26 Ibid, p. 161. He would have saw them 4 Misordering Misordering is the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance. 27 In simple words, put the words in utterance in the wrong order. For example , in the utterance He is all the time late all the time is misordered In declarative sentence I don ‟t know what is that is is misordered c. Comparative taxonomy Comparative taxonomy is comparisons between the structure of l2 errors and certain other types of constructions. This type of error usually compares errors that are made by children learning the target language as their first language and sentences in the learner ‟s mother tongue. These comparisons have produced the two major error categories in this taxonomy: developmental errors and interlingual errors. The other categories are ambiguous errors, which are classifiable as either developmental or interlingual, and other errors. 28 1 Developmental errors Developmental errors are errors similar to those made by children learning the target language. For example, dog eat it. The omissions here are in the article and in the past tense marker. It is classified as a developmental because these are also found in the speech of children learning English as their first language. The important thing in the developmental errors is since children acquiring first language, they have no experienced learning a previous language. So, the errors they make cannot possibly be due to any interference from another language. 27 Ibid, p. 162. 28 Ibid, pp. 163-172.