Bogdan proposed general design model of a case study as a funnel. The detail of the model is as follow:
1. The researchers look for possible place and people that could be subject or source of data.
2. The researchers find the location that they want to study, then try to check the feasibility of the data source for their purposes.
3. Look for clues on how researchers might proceed and what might be feasible to do.
4. Begin to collect data, reviewing and exploring them and make decision about how to do the study.
5. Decide how to distribute their time, who to interview and what to explore in great detail.
6. The researchers may leave the old idea with the exception and plans and develop new ones.
7. The researchers continually modify the design and choose procedures as they learn more about the topic study.
8. In time, the researchers make a specific decisions on what aspect of the setting, subject or data source they will study.
9. The researcher make questions. 10. The data collection and research activities narrow to particular sites,
subjects, materials, topics, questions, and themes. 11. The researchers move to more directed data collection and analysis.
2
Whereas, the writer used qualitative method. Bogdan and Biklen state that qualitative is descriptive. The data collected take in the form of words or pictures
and seldom involve numbers.
3
2
Bogdan and Biklen. Loc. Cit.
3
Ibid., p. 5
D. Instrument
In order to collect the data, the writer will use observation; it is used to observe the teaching learning process that is organized by the English teachers,
then test: it is used to know students ‟ errors in using conditional sentences type
two, and interview; it is used to know the causes of errors that are encountered by the second grade of natural sciences students of SMAN 9 Kota Tangerang Selatan
in learning second conditional.
E. The Technique of Collecting Data
Data refers to the rough materials researchers collect from the world they are studying. Data are both evidence and clues. They serve as the stubborn facts
that save the writing you will do from unfounded speculation.
4
In completing the data, the writer used some techniques such as observation, interview and test. The completely explanation as follows:
a. Observation
In this case, the writer came to the classroom as an observer to see the teacher
‟s performance and method in explaining conditional sentence type II during the classroom activity.
b. Interview
An interview is a purposeful conversation, usually between two people but sometimes involving more, that is directed by one in order to get
information from the other.
5
In qualitative research, interviews may be used in two ways. They may be the dominant strategy for data collection, or they may be employed in
conjunction with participant observation, document analysis, or other techniques.
In this research, the interview is as supporting data to know difficulties and problem in using conditional sentence type II. The interview will be
carried out after giving the test and it will be given to the students.
4
Ibid., p. 117.
5
Ibid., p. 103.
c. Test
The writer will give two types of test: Completion and Transformation which focus on conditional sentences type two. This test consists of 25
items, 20 items for Completion and 5 items for Transformation. Before making a test, the writer made a
“specification of test”. Here is the “specification of test”:
Table 3.1 “Specification of test”
No Tenses Area
Types of Question
Number of Items
Amount
1. The form of conditional
sentence type two II a. Regular verb
b. Irregular verb c. Modal verb
d. Inversion Fill in the
blank FB 1, 4, 8, 12, 16
2, 6, 10, 14, 18 3, 7, 13, 17, 20
5, 9, 11, 15, 19 5 FB
5 FB 5 FB
5 FB
2. The sentences of
conditional sentence type two II
Transformation T
1-5 5 T
F. The Technique of Data Analysis
To analyze data, the writer used procedure of errors based on Ellis.
6
First, collection of a sample of learner language. She collects data by doing observation,
test and interview. Observation and interview is used as supporting data to find out the sources of errors. Whereas the test, it is used to find out the type of errors.
Second, identification of errors. To identify errors easier, the writer compare the wrong answer with the right one. As what Ellis stated that
“to identify errors we have to compare the sentences learners produce with what seem
6
Muriel Saville-Troike, Second Language Acquisition, Singapore: Craft Print International Ltd, 2009, p 39.
