concepts, build critical background information, clarify confusion, and stretch to higher level thinking. In short, the question asked by teacher hone
comprehension and direct students a ttention to important aspect of the text.”
18
d. SQ3R: A Tool for Expository Text SQ3R is best presented by teacher who carefully models it and then engages
the whole class in practice. It is used when study begins on a new chapter in social studies or science, work through each of the steps together, and then
review it before it is used on the next chapter. The steps of SQ3R involve: 1 Survey: the students quickly skim over the textbook material to be covered.
2 Question: based on that quick survey, students write prediction questions about the material to be covered.
3 Read: now the students read actively, looking for answers to the question they posed.
4 Recite: students put the book aside and try to recall what they have read, talking through the possible answers and testing themselves on the next
materials. 5 Review: students reread part of the material to confirm the answers
previously given.
19
e. Story Mapping Pamela J. Farris et al. see mind mapping can be applied in narrative text
which is known as story mapping. They said that story mapping is very helpful for readers to comprehend the pieces in a story. As they said, ―When students
develop a schema for stories, that is, an internal understanding of the expected pieces that make up a typical story, they are better able to comprehend the
narratives that they read. One tool to help them recognize those basic pieces is the story map, a graphic or semantic visual representation of a story.
20
18
Ibid., p. 354
19
Ibid., p. 357
20
Ibid., p. 358
B. Narrative Text
1. General Concept of Narrative Text
There are many types of text in English, including narrative text. Prince stated that “A narrative recounts a certain number of situation and events occurring
in certain world.”
21
According to Prince, “Narrative presents situations and
activities which can be grouped into sets having certain names because it is such situations and activities combine to yield larger ones. Many narratives contain
various elements which may function symbolically.”
22
Indeed, Pamela J. Farris et. al.
stated that “reading narrative text in a historical period or related to the scientific finding usually necessitates having some related knowledge in that specific area.”
23
Consequently, readers need to develop their background knowledge for literary elements to make connections.
According to Coffman and Reed, narrative is described as having several common components including a setting, plot series of episodes based on goals,
attempt, outcomes, resolution or story ending.
24
Besides, Priyana et. al. defined narrative text focused on a pattern of events with a problematic and the purpose of
the text is to entertain and educate the reader.
25
From the definition above, it can be concluded a narrative text is a story presented in chronological order that consists of some components including
problems and problem solving and the purpose is to entertain the reader.
21
Gerald Prince, Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin: Mouton Publisher, 1982, p. 61
22
Ibid, p. 110
23
Pamela J. Farris et. al., Op. cit., p. 496
24
Gerry A. Coffman and Melissa D. Reed, the True Story of Narrative Text: from Theory to Practice. Kansas: The Reading Professor vol. 32 no. 1, 2010, p. 5
25
Joko Priyana et. al., Scaffolding: English for Junior High School Students. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008, p. 150
2. Characteristic of Narrative Text
According to Priyana et. al. there are three characteristics of narrative text, they are:
a. Orientation It is about the opening of paragraph which contains of introducing characteristic
and commonly tells about what is the story about, where the story happened, who the character of the story is and when the story begins.
b. Complication It is about the problems of the story began and developed. It usually has more
than one paragraph. c. Resolution
It is where the conflict of the story ends. It can be happy ending or sad ending.
26
This is the example of narrative text, as follows:
The Legend of Toba Lake Orientation
In the past, there lived a young orphan farm in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Syahdan, the young man made his life from farming and fishing. On a day
while he was fishing he got a fish which was so beautiful in golden brown. While he was holding it, the fish turned into a beautiful princess. The princess was a
woman who was condemned for violating the prohibitions and it would turn into a kind of creature who first touched it. Because at that time the human touched it,
then it turned into a princess.
Complication
Fascinated by her beauty, the young man asked her to be his wife. The application was accepted on condition that the young man was not allowed to tell the origin of
the princess who came originally from fish. The young man agreed this
26
Ibid, p. 150
