E. The Organization of Writing
This paper consist of four chapters, those are:
Chapter I Introduction; explains the background of the study, the limitation
and formulation of the problem, the objective of the study, the method of the study, and the organization of the study.
Chapter II Theoretical Framework, divided into two sub-chapters, at first is
Simple Present Tense, explains understanding of Simple Present Tense, form of Simple present Tense, and the function of Simple Present Tense. The second is
Cooperative Learning; explains the understanding of Cooperative Learning, the techniques of Cooperative Learning, the third is STAD; explains the
understanding of STAD, characteristic of STAD, the procedure of STAD in the classroom, the fourth is Grammar Translation Method.
Chapter III
Research Methodology and Finding, divided into two sub- chapters, at first is research methodology, explains objectives of the study, place
and time of the study, population and sample, technique of data collecting, and technique of data analysis. The second is research finding, it explains description
of the data, analysis of the data, test of hypotheses, and interpretation and discussion of data.
Chapter IV Conclusion and Suggestion
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Simple Present Tense
1. The Understanding of Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense is identical to the base of verb except in the case of “be” and adds –s for the third person singular also called present tense
simply.
1
The verb in simple present tense must be added –s or -es when the
subject is a third person singular such as he, she and it. For example, I know or he knows.
Meanwhile A.S Hornby sta tes “the simple present tense is sometimes
used to describe an activity that is actually in progress at the moment of speaking
”
2
. Beside that the simple present tense can describe habits, routines, or events than happen regularly.
3
From those statements, it can be assumed that simple present tense is used to describe things that are generally true,
expressing facts and repeated event or habits. “In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist
now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future. ”
4
1
Sylvia Chalker, et.al., Dictionary of English Grammar, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998
2
A.S Hornby, Guide to Pattern and Usage in English, 2
nd
edition : Oxford University Press, 1975,p.82
3
Patricia K.Werner, Interaction 2 Grammar, 4
th
edition, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002, p.3
4
Betty Scrampfer, Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1989 second edition, p.2
Thus, the writer summarizes that simple present tense is something that was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. It
is the most common ways to describe things and to express ideas or facts in English that are generally true and habitually.
2. The Form of Simple Present Tense
a. Affirmative Statement
According A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet that in the affirmative, the simple present tense has the same form as the infinitive but adds an -s for
third person singular.
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Also for the first and the second singular person and for the plural is without -s. On the other source that for 3
rd
person singular he, she, and it, we add - s to the main verb or - es to the auxiliary.
Here is the form of affirmative sentence in simple present tense:
For example: -
I kiss my mom every morning -
You kiss your mom every morning -
We kiss our mom every morning -
They kiss their mom every morning -
He kisses his mom every morning -
She kisses her mom every morning In the present form “to be” has three forms: is, am, and are. To make
an affirmative statement with be, after subject put the appropriate be am, is, are to the subject then followed by adjectiveadverb of placenoun
phrase. In affirmative statement, subject and be can be contracted, such I’m a lawyer I am a lawyer, he’s busy He is busy, we’re hungry We
are hungry.
5
A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, 4
th
edition New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 150
S + V1 + s es + …
The form of affirmative statement with be, use this formula:
b. Negative Statement
Negative statement in the simple present tense is formed by adding do not or does not before the simple form of the verb. And here is the pattern
or negative sentence in simple present:
For example: -
I do not kiss my mom every morning -
You do not kiss your mom every morning -
We do not kiss our mom every morning -
They do not kiss their mom every morning -
He does not kiss his mom every morning -
She does not kiss her mom every morning The negative sentence in „to be’ is formed by adding „not’ after „to be’.
For example: He is a doctor.
He is not a doctor They are in the class.
They are not in the class
Especially in speaking, is not and are not are contracted to isn’t and aren’t.
S + do not does not + V1 + … S + be am, is are + adjectiveadverb of placenoun
S + be am, is are + not + adjectiveadverb of placenoun
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