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happy or sad ending. Resolution refers to stage where the crisis or conflict is resolved.
d. Point of View
The story is represented by the author through narrator. The view of narrator in telling the story is called point of view. In telling the story there are four
types point of view.
• First Person
The narrator is the character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feeling. Things that he or she sees are told by other
character.
• Third-Person Objective
The narrator is the outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening but he cannot tell us the
characters’ thoughts.
• Third-Person Limited
The narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one or main character.
• Omniscient
The narrator knows everything about the story because he or she can see through all the characters’ thought.
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e. Setting
Time, place, and social environment are the main components of the setting. Setting helps the reader to define the time and location where the story taken
place. Like other intrinsic elements, the elements of setting can also be found inside the story. However, some literary works do not directly mention the
setting. Reader must able to define the time or set of location based on the situation which is explicitly portrayed by the author.
2.1.2 Extrinsic Elements of the Novel
Opposite to the intrinsic, the extrinsic elements of the novel cannot be found inside the literary work. The extrinsic elements are not the elements that build up the
story from the inside. It affects the existence of the story through historical, cultural and social background. Author is the main object of these backgrounds. In short,
these elements are affecting the story through the author. As the other social creatures, the authors’ life receives the influence from their society. The author’s
way to explain his work and preserving the story contains the historical cultural and social aspect that may occur during the time when the author wrote their work. The
expert believes that the relation between individual and authors is the relation under social circumstances. Relation of a literary work to the segment of society that its
fiction represents or to which the work is addressed Abrams, 1999:208.
2.2. Marx’s Criticism
During the development of socio analysis, some experts lessens the analysis of human and their social phenomena into Marxs criticism which become the main
key in exposing the conflict that happen in society. Today, conflict theorists find
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whether Marx’s criticism is able to uncovered the role of economic in social group as the main factor which causes inequality. This inequality result social conflict
between any groups in which the potential for inequality background mostly based on human objective to be enormous. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups
usually have conflicting values and agendas, causes them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the
ever‐changing nature of society. Marxist criticism is part of larger body of theoretical analysis which aims to
understand ideologies-the ideas, values and feelings by which men experience their societies at various times. And certain of those ideas, values and feelings are
available to us only in literature Eagleton, 1976: v. This idea is comprehend with the analysis of human response since human response toward their social phenomena
is the result of their attitude and feelings. The phenomena in society give human certain experiences. This experience will affect human response toward society and
toward the value that amends in it. There is visible in the diffusion and development of the Marxist vision in
literature Parson, 1999:9. It is obvious that in analyzing the phenomena in literary work, Marxist criticism also has a very important role. Literature covers many aspect
of life. The things that happen in literary work are inseparable with the facts that really occur in human life. The social phenomena that happen in reality sometimes
become the inspiration of certain author to construct their story. This condition make the analysis of literary work and the phenomena that happen in its character can be
observed through Marx’s Criticism.
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Based on the clarification above, it is prevalent that action and reaction from human in society can be analyzed from the view of Marx’s Criticism. The subjects
that correspond to be investigated are view of society that focuses on social processes of tension, competition, and change that emphasizes power and inequality.
Marxism is a scientific theory of human societies and of the practice of transforming them; and what that means, rather more concretely, is that the narrative
Marxism has to deliver is the story of the struggles of men and women to free themselves from certain forms of exploitation and oppression Eagleton, 1976: v.
According Karl Marx and his fellow thinker Friedrich Engels, the basic principles that causes human to struggle and to have conflict with his insitutions are:
1. Material Production Economy
The evolving history of humanity of its social groupings and relations, of its institutions, and of its ways of thinking are largely determined by the
changing mode of its material production—that is, of its overall economic organization for producing and distributing material goods Abrams, 1999:
147.
In human relation with the social living, economical background gives big impact toward human changes. In the social production of their life,
humans enter particular stages where they are restrained by social demand to fulfill material production economy. Since it is important in defining their
position in society, humans are pressed to fulfill the demand. This situation causes indispensable relation between human will and their development
stage where they are forced by their society to accomplish the production of
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material wealth. The production of material wealth conditions is affected by the social, political and intellectual life process in general. As the result of
this relation, human beings are shaped by their social environment which close to them. It is not the consciousness of humans that determines their
being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness Eagleton 1976: 2.
At a certain stage of human development, their nature as decent human being has changed in society as the result of accomplishing material
and economy as the social demand. Humans become ambitious toward material and compete with other in order to gain economical aspect that
determines their position in society. This situation creates conflict in society that separates human bases on their economical background. It forces human
to come in conflict with the existing relations of the social forces through material production. From forms of development of the economical forces,
these relations turn into human fetters and causes rejection that ends of being a rebellion.
In short, material production economy holds immense function in creating conflict for humans and their society. Material production puts
society as a tool to oppress individual to gain particular position. It changes human consciousness and it stratifies the individual base on their ability to
gain particular social demand. The phenomena in human life are general while the way of human in receiving it is particular.
2. Historical Changes
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It is part of a social history where an element in that complex structure of social perception ensures the situation where one social class has power
over the others. This condition is either seen by most members of the society as ‘natural’, or not seen at all. Eagleton: 1976: 3.
In the fundamental mode of interaction, effect changes in the class structure of a society, establishing in each era dominant and subordinate
classes that engage in a struggle for economic, political, and social advantage Abrams, 1999: 148. Marxist criticism will analyses literature in terms of the
historical conditions which produce certain class domination and the response against it.
Marxist criticism does not merely analyzes literary about when the work get published and whether they mention the working class. More deeply
Marxist criticism concerned with how the development of human struggles appears over the time. Not only through the delineation in novel but also
through it relations which represent particular history of the real social condition. It aims to explain the literary work more fully; and this means a
sensitive attention to its forms, styles and meanings. But it also means grasping those forms, styles and meanings as the products of particular
history Eagleton, 1976: 2.
3. Ideology
Human consciousness is constituted by an ideology. That is, the beliefs, values, and ways of thinking and feeling through which human beings
perceive, and by recourse to which they explain, what they take to be reality Abrams, 1999: 148. That is why human ideology can be regarded as one of
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the most important aspect in creating rebellion from certain character. Human ideology become one of the most important thing in affecting human
perspective, and when the value that emerges in society contrast with their ideology, human tend to reject the social norm and decide to rebel. We do not
understand ideology because we grasp the part it plays in the society as a whole. It consists of a definite perception, which underpins the power of a
particular social class. This is not an easy task, since ideology is never a simple reflection of a ruling class’s ideas, on the contradictory, ideology
reflects humans’ viewing about the whole essence of their living. To understand an ideology, we must analyze the precise relations between
different classes in a society; and to do that means grasping where those classes stand in relation in society Eagleton, 1976: 3.
It is important here to grasp the precise meaning for Marxism of ideology. Ideology is not in the first place a set of doctrines; it signifies the
way men live out their roles in class society, the values, ideas and images which tie them to their social function and so prevent them from a true
knowledge of society as a whole Eagleton, 1976: 8. In short, ideology is a tool for human to free their self from the
boundaries of social boundaries. By having an ideology, human will be able to filter what is good and what is not good to be absorbed from the social
value, since not all the values that are resulted by social interactions gives positive impact toward human living. Ideology helps human to keep their
perspective about something. In Marxist view, ideology help human to prevent the existence of hypocrisy and insincerity. Ideology detaches human
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from the trammel of social function that tend to classify people and encourage human to rebel against inequality in society.
The analysis of Marxist Criticism will gives further explanation that can help the author in analyzing the phenomena related with stratification and
inequality aspect that creates rebellion from the main character in this analysis. The existence of literature that covers issues like inequality that
creating rebellion as the subject of analysis clarifies its relation with Marx’s criticism. Literature in here tries to make sense the representation of human
lives and portray human and the phenomena around them as actual as it can. This situation produce the possibility of Marxist Criticism to analyze the
phenomena in literature as it analyzes the phenomena in real life
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Data Data Source
The primary data of this thesis is the novel that becomes the source of analysis. The novel is The Catcher in the Rye. The text of the novel has been read
several times in order to get particular text in reference to the analysis. Thus, the text is selected and classified in the form of quotations. The selected quotations are
treated as primary data in the analysis. The quotations are in the form of group of sentences which are taken from the text of the novel. The selection is done for
classification because they must be regarded as supporting opinions in the analysis.
Other books such as literary books are applied to strengthen the analysis in the form of quotations too. The difference between the two is the former is directed
for the analysis, the latter is for the additional opinion for the analysis need about rebellion that becomes the theme of consideration in this thesis. The text presented in
the novel help to support the writer’s analysis. The whole text will be read, but only certain investigation relates with rebellion against school from the main character
will be quoted in this thesis.
Other sources that the writer uses as a reference to write this thesis are information from the internet and related books that will support the writer
clarification about rebellion against school in this novel. The using of other paper from certain writer which ever analyzes this novel will also be considered as the
asset of data source and will be used to clarify the analysis.
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