The Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In Selected Poems By Anne Bronte

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THE ANALYSIS OF NON-LITERAL MEANING IN SELECTED POEMS BY ANNE BRONTE

A THESIS

Cut Zahara 110721013

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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ABSTRAK

Skrispsi yang berjudul “The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Selected Poems by Anne Bronte” membahas tentang jenis-jenis dan makna non literal yang tidak dapat diartikan secara harfiah atau bukan makna sebenarnya yang terdapat di dalam empat puisi karya Anne Bronte. Metode penelitian yang digunkan adalah penelitian perpustakaan (library research) dan metode dalam menganalisa data adalah menggunakan metode deskriptif (descriptive method). Analisis ini dilakukan karena pentingnya pemahaman makna, terutama makna sebenarnya yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis dalam puisi yang telah di pilihnya. Dari analisa data dalam puisi tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa Anne Bronte sangat banyak menggunakan jenis makna non literal seperti personification, hyperbole, simile, and apostrophe. Secara keseluruhan terdapat 51 makna non literal, terdiri atas 24 personification, 19 hyperbole, 2 simile and 1 apostrophe. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Anne Bronte banyak menulis puisi dengan menggunakan makna kiasan untuk memperindah dan membuat puisinya lebih berwarna.

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ABSTRACT

The thesis entitled “The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Selected Poems by Anne Bronte” discuss about types of non-literal meaning which can not be translated or non literally meaning in four selected poems by Anne Bronte. In this thesis use library research and in analyzing data use descriptive method. This analysis is made because understanding meaning was very important, especially literal meaning which writer wants to tell about in the poems. According to analysis in that poems, the writer found that Anne Bronte always uses non literal meaning such as personification, hyperbole, simile and apostrophe. In whole analysis there are 46 types of non literal meaning they are, 24 personification, 19 hyperbole, 2 simile and 1 apostrophe. This is showed that Anne Bronte always uses non literal meaning when she written the poems to make her poems lovely and more colorful.

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TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study…………...………6

1.2Problem of the Study……….9

1.3Objective of the Study………...9

1.4Scope of the Study………...……10

1.5Significances of the Study……….………..10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Semantics in Brief………11

2.2 Scope of Semantics……….………..………...13

2.2.1 Meaning………14

2.2.2 Sense and Reference……….15

2.3 Varieties of Meaning………...16

2.3.1 Literal Meaning………18

2.3.2 Non Literal Meaning………19

2.3.2.1 Personification………...19

2.3.2.2 Hyperbole……….……….20

2.3.2.3 Methapor………21

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2.3.2.5 Synecdoche………22

2.3.2.6 Apostrophe………24

2.3.2.7 Antithesis………..………25

2.3.2.8 Paradox……….………26

2.3.2.9 Symbol……….26

CHAPTER III RESEACRH METHOD 3.1 Research Design………..28

3.2 Data Collecting Method………...29

3.3 Data Analyzing Method………...29

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis………...…….30

4.1.1 Personification………..………30

4.1.2 Hyperbole….……….37

4.1.3 Apostrophe………42

4.1.4 Simile………..………..42

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………..43

5.2 Suggestions……….……….43 APPENDICES

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study

Language is a system of communication which is needed in human life. Language is primary means for human beings to communicate. Hornby (2000:752) states that language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country. Based on that above statements we know that language is an important thing in humans life and make humans understand and can communicate easily with others in social life. To be able to communicate, humans must learn about the language and the meaning of every word in language. The content of communication is also organized in a system of language, what human beings want to talk about is in sounds that are heard or written in symbols that are read.

The study about language is called Linguistics. One of the branches in linguistics which concern with meaning is called Semantics. Leech (1981:1) states “semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of linguistics meaning”. The meaning of word can be defined based on the particular context and the particular discipline; for example:

- Her face become red when she looks on you - Her mother give me light red to married her

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In the sentences above, red may mean several different meaning, based on different context. First example “red” means that “she” become ashamed of a man. In second sentence “red” means that “her mother” doesn’t give a permission to a man. So the word “red” has different meaning, according to when we used it in differen context and discipline.

There are two varieties of meaning in Semantics, linguistic meaning and speaker’s meaning. The linguistics meaning of an expression is simply the meanings of that expression in some forms of language. Meanwhile, speaker’s meaning is what a speaker means in producing an utterance (Leech 1981:8). Speaker’s meaning is divided in two different types, literal meaning and non literal meaning.

Lyons (1977:10) explained that if a speaker is always speaking literally based on the real or lexical meaning of utterances. For example, “she is a smart student”, this sentence have literal meaning. The sentence means that “she” is a smart or clever student and has good knowledge, it also showed an ability in study.

However, a speaker sometimes speak literally, therefore, means what his words means, but sometimes the speaker speak non-literally, therefore, means something different from what his words means and to tell the listener another meaning of his word. So, non literal meaning is very important to understand to avoid misunderstanding of meaning between speaker and listener.

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Non-literal used in a language is traditionally called figurative language. In a case of non-literal meaning, there is a number of different ways the speaker or writer expresses their idea. Some of then are using figures of speeches such as, facetiously, exaggeratedly, hyperbole, simile, metaphor etc.

Based on the explanation above, we can say that non-literal meaning is one way to express our idea or thought by saying one thing means another. Non literal expression are often found in literary works such as novels, plays, short stories, poems or even in lyrics of song. In this thesis the writer wants to analyze about non-literal meaning in poems. In poems the authors often use the words which has non-literal meaning.

Poems is traditionally written art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its national and semantic content. Poems express a conversation or an intercharge that is grounded in the most deeply feeling of experiences of human beings. Poems is often created from the desire to escape the logical, as well as expressing feeling other expressions in tight, condensed manner. Poems use of nuance and symbolism can make it difficult to translate. The poets create poems not only make a sentence but also to bring meanings because every word that they are creating his meaningful. They create the poems is to express their feeling or experiences in their life.

Poet usually makes poems to express their feeling about something. In this study the writer wants to discuss about poems of Anne Bronte. Anne Bronte (17 January 1820 – 28 May 1849) was a British novelist and poet, the youngest member of the Bronte literary family. The daughter of a poor Irish clergyman in the with her family at the parish of

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to a boarding school. At the age of 19 she left Haworth and worked as a governess between 1839 and 1845. After leaving her teaching position, she fulfilled her literary ambitions. She wrote a volume of poetry with her sisters Anne's life was cut short when she died of

In this thesis the writer adopted figurative expressions which are found in Anne Bronte poems. Figurative (Hornby, 2000:494) is used in a way that is different from the usual meaning, in order to create a particular mental image. In this study the writer selected several poems of Anne Bronte and the writer will discuss and find out about the meaning every couplet in lyrics of Anne Bronte poems. There are five poems of Anne Bronte which selected by the writer.

1.2Problem of the Study

According to the background explained above, there are some problems that appeared in this research. The problems are:

1. What are the types of non literal meaning found in Anne Bronte’s selected poems. 2. What is the most dominant type of non literal meaning found in Anne Bronte’s

selected poems.

1.3Objectives of the Study

Concerning with the problem above, this analysis is intended to some objectives, namely:

1. To find out the types of non literal meaning in Anne Bronte’s selected poems.

2. To describe the types of non literal meaning are found in Anne Bronte’s selected poems.

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1.4Scope of the Study

In a research, it is important for the writer to limit the analysis in order to concentrate on a spesific object that has been chosen in order to get the best result from it. This would help the writer to avoid over complicating the issues and analysis.

This research was limited to discussion of the types of non literal meaning as proposed by Irawan (2012: 5), where as descripton of non literal meaning are summarized from Lyons (1977: 11), Keraf (1991: 112) and wikipedia.

1.5Significance of the Analysis

This thesis is expected to enrich the literature in the study of meaning and add the knowledge of the students of language in terms of semantic, especially to understand non literal meaning. And it also can help the students or readers to digest the horizon of the poems.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 2.1Semantics in Brief

The general definition of semantics is the study of meaning. It deals with all linguistics aspects from words, phrases and sentences in language. Semantics is defined as a branch of philology concerned with changes in the meaning of words. Semantics is defined either in terms of historical semantics or in terms of the study of historical change of meaning.

Semantics is the technical terms used or refer the study of meaning. Unfotunately, “meaning” covers a variety of aspect of language, and there is no very general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way in which it should be described. As stated by Leech (1982 : 2), “Semantics is the study of meaning words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of linguistic meaning”.

The term of Semantics was first introduced in the end of 19th century. The terms Semantic in English was adopted from French term “semantique”. Before it was introduced in 1890’s, the term was once used in phrase Semantic Philosophy to mean divination. This term does not refer to its development, which is later known as “Historical Semantics”.

Other terms that have been used in Semantics were semasiology, semology, semiotics, sememics, and semic. Scholars have often used some of these terms to suit their own interest and orientation in wider or narrower sense than that of term “semantics” as known today. If we want to make a clear definition, it is therefore necessary to redefine the semantics into more spesific definition, the one that could limit semantics into the study of more spesific types of meaning only.

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As a student of language, we also need to make a clear limitation of the study of meaning into linguistics properly. Then we may say that semantics is the study of words, phrase, or sentences in the language or the semantics is a study of meaning of the language, or in a simple way it is the study of linguistic meaning.

In fact, the term of Semantics has been even usedin until the 20th century as can be evident from Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, which defines that semantics as a branch of philology concerned with changes of the meaning of words. In other words, the dictionary defines Semantics and Linguistics into plural-nouns, but such similar words as economics, physics, etc as singular ones. It was not used anymore until the publication of Breal’s booking English version Semantics: studies the science of meanung in 1900 that term semantics was then treated as the science of meaning that is not primarily concerned with the historical change meaning (historical semantics). Since then, semantics has well been recognized as one of the linguistics studies and known as scientific study of meaning. (Palmer, 1976:1-2)

There are some definitions of semantics proposed by the linguist as follow:

1. Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning of word and sentences (Lyons, 1977:1)

2. Semantics is a branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences (Hornby, 1972:789)

3. Semantics as one branch of linguistics is the study of language. As an area of study parallel to, and interacting with, those of syntax and phonology which deal respectively with the formal patterns of language, and the way in which these are translated into sound (Leech, 1981 :X)

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4. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning (F.R.Palmer, 1976: 1)

2.2 Scope of Semantics

Semantic is the study of linguistic meaning. There is no general agreement either about the nature of meaning or the way in which meaning in language is studied. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic object express, not with the arrangements of their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation.

In early twentieth century, the study of meaning became more significant, but many linguists study language without reference to meaning. But in fact, there are at least two major approaches to the way in which meaning in language is studied, each of which is often very influential in determining which facts of meaning are relevant for semantics. The first is the linguistic approach. The students of language or linguist have long been interested in the way which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meanings of words and semantic structure of the sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meanings in the language. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expression, such as the words of language, and persons, things, and events in the world to which these words refer.

Although there may be different approaches to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approaches, i.e. meaning, sense, and reference. In addition, there is, in fact, an agreement between the competing approaches that semantic description is an attempt to reflect a speaker’s semantic knowledge.

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According to Alwashilah (Irawan 2012: 9), the main study of semantics is the relationship between object and linguistic symbols. In linguistic context, symbols are made up of sounds and characters. Humans are capable in creating symbols. And the symbols that havebeen created by humans will be used in process of communication if all the symbols and the referent of the symbols have been approved by the people who are involved in the process of communication itself.

2.2.1. Meaning

Theory of semantics is to provide a definition of meaning that is a systematic account of meaning. The word meaning has a number of definitions as suggested by semanticst, for instance, (Leech 1981:23) notes three points of meanings, they are:

1. Meaning involves the speaker’s intention to convey a certain meaning that may or may not be evident from the message itself.

2. Consequently, interpretation by the hearer is likely to depend on the context.

3. Meaning in the sense is something, which is performed rather than something that exist in static way. It involves action (the speaker produces and effects on the hearer) and the interaction (the meaning being negotiated between the speaker and the hearer on the basic of their mutual language).

There are some of semanticists which give opinion about of meaning they are:

1. Lyons (1977:2) says, “the meaning can be distinguished by the technique of substituting other words in the same context and enquiry whether the resulting sentences are equivalent”.

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2. Bloomfield (1993:139) states, “meaning of linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it calls forth in the hearer”.

3. Bloomfield (1993:139) states, “meaning of linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it calls forth in the hearer”.

There are two different of meanings, Linguistic meaning and Speaker meaning. In general, the linguistic meaning is the expression in some form of language. Speaker meaning is what speaker means in producing an utterance. In using the language, a speaker may sometimes use a word to mean something different from what it means literally.

Although we are supposed not to make words mean what they do not mean, we sometimes mean something different from what our words mean (linguistically). In other words, we sometimes speak non-literally. Thus, if we are speaking non-literally, then we will mean something different from what our words mean. If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean.

If a speaker is always speaking literally and means what his words mean there will be no important difference between the linguistic meaning and the speaker meaning. However, a speaker sometimes speaks literally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. (Palmer, 1976:34-36)

2.2.2 Sense and Reference

Words other than proper names both have a meaning and can be used to refer to objects. The German philosopher and mathematician GottlobFrege proposed a distinction between the reference of a word and the sense of a word and the sense of a word. The reference of a word is the object designated by that word. For example, the reference of the word chair is the object

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designated by it, of which picture for some of us looks like an upside down number four. Meanwhile, according to Freege the sense of a word is additional meaning attached to the word. When people speak of the meaning of a word, they are usually speaking about one of its senses, usually what they believe is the primary or central sense. It is not always obvious, however, how many different senses should be discriminated for a word.

F.R. Palmer (1976) has defined the reference and the sense as follow:

“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc, and the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense refers to the complex system of relationship that holds between the linguistics elements themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with the intralinguistics relation”. (1976:30)

Lyons (1977:197) says, “Sense is the term used by a number of philosophers for what others would describe simply as their meaning or perhaps more narrowly as they cognitive of descriptive meaning”.

Phrases, like words, normally both have sense and can be used to refer. Thus the phrase The man who is my father refers to a certain individual and has a certain sense which could be different from that of The man who married my mother, although both expression usually have the same reference.

2.3 Varieties of Meaning

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expression in some from language. For example, in one form of language, known as Standard British English, the word “take” means something different in sentences:

1. What was the take today?

Take means the amount of money takken in the shop 2. After five takes, the director was satisfied

Take means the filming of a single scence in a cinema film 3. She takes my hand

Take means to reach out for and grasp, hold, lift, pull etc.

Speaker meaning is what a speaker means in producing an utterance. The speaker meaning that brings the meaning of what speaker has in producing an utterance, may sometimes use the words to mean something different from that meaning of the lexical word. So, the speaker speaks non-literally. But when the speaker means what the words really mean, so speaker means literally.

In fact, non literal meaning is a part of speaker meaning. The following figure can show how meaning is a part of speaker meaning. The following figure can show how meaning can have several distinctions: (lyons, 1977:12)

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Meaning

Linguistics meaning Speaker meaning

Language Idiolect Literal Non-literal

Meaning meaning meaning

Dialect meaning

Reoginal Social

2.3.1 Literal Meaning

If a speaker speaks literally, then he means what his word mean. There is no something different from what the expression means. We can easily understand this kind of meaning if we are familiar and know the vocabularies one may speak.

Look at the sentences below:

1. She is a teacher 2. I’m a student

3. He watches television 4. My father is a soldier

All of the sentences above are has literal meaning as long as the speaker means literally. The sentences are easy to understand, for we are familiar and know all the vocabularies.

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2.3.2 Non-literal Meaning

When speaker speaks something which implies the different meaning from the real meaning of words mean he is speaking non-literally. So non-literally meaning occurs when the speaker means something different from what the words or sentences really mean. The sentences or the words have another hidden meaning besides the lexical meaning or literal meaning.

Non-literal meaning is one way to express our idea or thought by saying one thing means another. In expressing their ideas or thought, speaker or writer substitutes variation with thing or notion. For example, “she is like a rose”, the word rose maybe means beautiful, it may means “she is beautiful”.

Non-literal meaning is also the words used in some other ways rather than their literal meaning. The hearer may be difficult to understand the meaning of the speaker. Therefore, it is important for everyone to understand the non-literal meaning to avoid misunderstanding in daily conversation.

In case of non literal meaning, there are a number of different ways one can speak non-literally. Non-literal uses of language are called figurative language. Lyons classified type of figure of speech such as hyperbole, personification, litotes.

2.3.2.1 Personification

Personification is giving human characteristics to non-human object or abstraction. Shaw (1972:283) says that personification is a figure of speech in which abstractions, animals, ideas, an inanimate objects are having human form, character, traits or sensibilities. Personification can be recognized when the figure that endows animals, ideals, abstraction and inanimate object with

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human form. The representing of the imaginary creatures or things as having human personalities, intelligence, and emotion. In simple words, personification occurs when an inanimate object are personified with human form.

Example:

1. And then a voice may meet my ear 2. Cold in the grave has lain

2.3.2.2 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figurative for exaggeration. The word Hyperbole derived from Greek. It is from two words, hyper means over and ballein means to throw. Hornby (2000:668) says that hyperbole is a way of speaking or writing that makes something sound better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really is. Hyperbole can defined as a figurative expression, which exaggerates the number, size, or quality of something in order to emphasize certain points in a statement.

Keraf (1991:135) states, “hiperbole adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang mengandung suatu pernyataan yang berlebihan, dengan membesar-besarkan sesuatu hal”. Hiperbole is a figurative speech that consist of a statement which exaggerates things.

Example:

1. Invite the foot to the roam

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2.3.2.3Metaphor

Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Etymologically, the word “metaphor” derived from Greek word metaphormeaning “transfer” or “carry over”. It is derivation from “meta” meaning “over, accros and pherein” meaning “to carry”.

Keraf (1991:242) states, “Metafora adalah gaya bahasa perbandingan yang implicit – jadi tanpa kata seperti atau sebagai – diantara dua hal yang berbeda”. Metaphor is an implied comparison between two unlike object.

Wren and Martin (1990 : 360) state that “A metaphor is an implied Simile. Is does not like the simile, state one thing like another or acts as another, but takes that for granted and proceeds as if two things were one”. It is made more vivid by transferring to it the name or attributes of some other objects.

Example:

“She is wonderwoman”

The expression above, she is like wonderwoman. Figuratively, she is a strong woman. The word “wonderwoman” describes that woman is strong like wonderwoman.

2.3.2.4Simile

Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Hornby (2000:1248) statesthat simile is a word or phrase that compares something to something else, using the words “like” or “as”. The word simile comes from the same Latin word “simile”, which mean “like”.

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Look at this example, “She is beautiful like a rose” or “he is as brave as a lion”. So there are two different things are compared (she and rose, he and lion). A simile is not just an ordinary comparison. For example saying “he is like my father” is not a simile because the things that are being compared basically the same. A simile must compare two things that are found to be alike in an aspect.

Simile resembles metaphor in which both of them are comparing two different things. But the difference is that use of words “like” and “as” in simile, while metaphor does not use it.

2.3.2.5Synecdoche

The word synechdoche is derived from Greek word “synekdechestai”, which mean “to take up”. Keraf in Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa (1991:142) says, “Sinekdot adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang mempergunakan sebagian dari susuatu hal untuk menyatakan keseluruhan (pars pro toto) atau mempergunakan keseluruhan (totum pro parte)”.

The use of synecdoche is a common way to emphize aspect of a fictional character; for example a character might be consistenly described by a single body part, such as the eyes, which come represent the character. This is often used when the main character does not know or care about the names of the characters that he/she is referring to.

Based on explanation above, we notice that synecdoche is a kind of figurative language that uses the name of a part of something as the name of its whole part or vise vers. By paying attention to the explanation above, synecdoche can be divided into several kinds, they are:

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A part referring to the whole:

1.) Describing a complete vehicle as “wheels”

2.) Calling workers “hands”, e.g. Many hands make light work; All hands on deck 3.) Use of Holland, a region of the Netherlands, to refer to the entire country.

The name for a whole when used to describe one part of it:

1.) In the United States, terms like “United States”, “(the Commonwealth of) Massachusetts” or “(the) People (of the State of California)” are used in court trials when the plaintiff, prosecutor or defedant is a government entity, such as in Memoirs v. Massachusetts.

A general class name used to denote a spesific member of that or an associated class:

1.) “the good book”, or “The Book” for the Bible

2.) “Truck” for any four-wheel drive vehicle (as well as long-haul trailers, etc.)

3.) “He’s good people”. Here, the word “people” is used to denote a spesific instance of people, i.e. a person. So the sentence would be interpreted as “He’s a good person”.

A spesific class name used to refer to a general set of associated things:

1.) “John Hancock” for the signature of any person

2.) a generalized trademark, for example “Coke” for any variety of cola or “Band-Aid” for any variety of adhesive bandage.

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The material that a thing is (actually, historically, or supposedly) made of referring to that thing:

1. “glasses” for spectacles 2. “steel” for a sword

3. “tin” for a container made with tin plating

4. “willow” for a cricket bat or “pigskin” for an American or Canadian football 5. “wood” for a type of club used in the sport of golf

6. “irons” for shackles placed around a prisoner’s wrists or ankles to restrict their movement

7. “plastic” for a credit card (asking a merchant) Do you take plastic?

2.3.2.6Apostrophe

A addressed as if present and capable of understanding. Apostrophe is an exclamatory rhetorical figure of speech, when a speaker or writer breaks off and directs speech to imaginary person or abstract quality or idea. In dramatic works and poetry written in or translated into English, such a figure of speech is often introduced by the exclamation “O”.

Keraf in Irawan (2012: 17) states, “Aspostrof adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang berbentuk pengalihan amanat dari para hadirin kepada sesuatu yang tidak hadir”. Apostrophe is figurative meaning that shifts an idea from something real to unread object.

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It is related to personification, although in apostrophe, objects or abtractions are implied to have certain human qualities (such as understanding) by the very fact that the speaker is addressing things which are personified; absent people or gods.

Example:

1. O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth. 2. Thou art the ruins of the noblest man.

3. Where, O death, Thy sting? Where, O death, thy victory?

2.3.2.7Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech involving the bringing out of contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clasuses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure, as in the following: “when there is need of silence, you speak, and when there is need of speech, you are dumb. (Irawan 2012:19).

Keraf in Irawan (2012: 19) states, “Antithesis adalah sebuah gaya bahasa yang mengandung gagasan-gagasan yang bertentangan, dengan mempergunakan kata-kata atau kelompok yang berlawanan”. Antithesis is figure of speech which consist of ideas that contradict, by use of words or phrases that contadict each other.

Examples:

1. And past were present, and false was true. 2. If earth was heaven, and now was hence. 3. If fear was plucky, and globes were square.

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2.3.2.8Paradox

A paradox is advice in which an apparent contadiction reveals an unexpected truth. Paradox is generally understood as seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true. Paradox exhibits inexplicable or contradictory aspects or it may be an assertion that is essentially self contradictory, though based on a valid deduction from acceptable premises.

Semantic paradoxes depend on language structure, and the paradox is often used as a rhetorical device in epigrams and poetry. In English literature two forms may be distinguished. One is Particular or Local and the other is the General Structural.

Example:

1. I wouldn’t be I

2. I always feel lonely in the crowd. 3. The aim waking is to dream.

2.3.2.9Symbol

Symbol is an object, character, figure, or color that is used to represent an abstract idea or concept. A symbol is something that itself and also stand for something else as the letters. Apple form a word that stand for particular objective reality. In a literal sense a symbol combines a literal and sensous quality with an abstract as suggestive aspect.The use of one object or action (a term symbolism may refer to symboli

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Example:

- With your peculiar mouth my heart made wise

In this line “the peculiar mouth” symbolizes the words that the lovers said. Literally the word mouth means a part of the head that produce a sound or eat. This line means that strangeness of his lover’s utterance make him wiser.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design

In this study the writer used descriptive qualitative method. A qualitative approach is defined as a description of observations which is not ordinary expressed in quantitative. In qualitative research does not use sample and population as in quantitative research. It is not suggested that numerical measures are never used, but that others means of description are emphasized. Nazir (2011:55) says, “metode deskriptif, sehingga metode ini berkehendak mengadakan akumulasi data dasar belaka”. Descriptive method is a method of reseacrh that makes the description of the situation of event or occurence so that this method only performs the mere basic data accumulation. Therefore, descriptive design is a research design which is intended only to describe the variable

According to the explanation above, in this research a descriptive qualitative method will be used to find out about non literal meaning in selected poems by Anne Bronte. There are some steps to be taken in doing this analysis. First of all some of Anne Bronte’s poems which contain non literal meaning will be collected. Then the writer selects some of the poems to be his data. The the third step is to find out some words or sentences that contain non literal meaning, and then the writer will explain it by using theory. Finally, the writer draws conclussion as the result of the analysis.

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3.2Data Collecting Method

Documentary technique will be used to collect the data. It means that the data are got from reading, studying and analyzing the reference. The data on this research are five poems by Anne Bronte which is chosen purposively to get sample of non literal meaning. These poems can be found by accessing http://www.poemhunter.com .

In choosing the sample as the data of the analysis the writer identified every non literal expression that can be found in the selected poems to support the analysis. The fiveselected poems is provided example for non literal expression that will be analyzed.

3.3Data Analyzing Method

The process of analyzing the data will be done in groups. First of all, the whole data from the five selected poems as explained before will be divided by numbering each expression of the poems. Then the data will be identified and classified according to the kinds of each non literal meaning. For example the first term is about personification, so the writer will collect all the example of personification from selected poems and make it in group. The same way will be done for other non literal meanings.

The analysis of the data will be done one by one from each group stated before. All the analysis will be provided in the descriptive way by explaining one by one of each non literal meaning found in selected

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

As the object of this research, the writer has chosen four selected poem by Anne Bronte which contain of non-literal meaning. They are:

1. Confidence (data A) 2. Night (data B) 3. Dreams (data C) 4. Home (data D)

4.1 Analysis

The following explanations are description and analysis of the data:

4.1.1 Personification

1. Opressed with sin and woe (A1)

This line expresses a personification in the word of “sin and woe”, the writer animates an abstract object like human being. In this line “opressed” means that the writer feels really depressed with all of her “sin” to God and pressed by many “woe” in her life. The word “woe” means that whole problem in her life. This line means that the writer feel depressed with all of her problems and mistakes that she make in her life.

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2. And let Thy Holy spirit shine;forever on my heart (A27&28)

This lines expresses a personification. The writer animates an absract object like human being. The word “Holy Spirit”is an abtract object, is does not shine and cannot be seen, but it only can be felt in the “heart”. In this line implies that the writer is wants to clean her soul and hope her Lord is always give peaceful and calm throughout her life.

3. For blissful dreams may then arise (B2)

This line expresses a personification since an abstract object does an action like human being. The words “blissful dreams” is an abstract object, it can’t “arise”. This line means that the writer wants “blissful dreams” will arise when she is dreaming in her sleep.

4. Revealing to my charmed sight (B3)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animate an abstract object like human being. The word “revealing” it’s related with the word “blissful dreams” in previous line. Obviously in this line the writer makes "blissful dreams" that can show an others side of the writerwhenshe was asleep. This line means that in her sleep she can showed another thing about her, the thing that she never showed in her real life.

5. And then a voice may meet my ear (B5)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “voice” is an abstract object, and it does an action like human.

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This line means that when the writer sleep in the night she feel that she heard a weird voice whispering in her ear.

6. And hope and rapture may appear (B7)

This line expresses personification. The writer animates abstracts object like human being. The words “hope and rapture” in this line are abstract object. They can’t rise sunddenly and showed their shape like the writer describe it. This line means that the writer hope in her dream she found happiness like her wants in her real life.

7. Cold in the grave for years has lain (B9)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “cold” is an abstract object and it cannot “lain”. This line means that the writer feel that, when she “died” (related in B6) the beautiful things which she ever dreams are not come true.

8. The form it was my bliss to see (B10)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “form” it’s means as “hope and raptures” in previous line. So, it is immposible that “cold” can be seen, because “cold” is an abstract object. This line means that the writer see a blissful dreams in her sleep and she feel reallly happy to see it.

9. And only dreams can bring again, the darling of my heart to me (B11&12)

This lines expresses personification. The writer animates an abtract object like human being. The words “dream” is an abstract object and cannot be able to do

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something. This line means that the writer really miss her boyfriend so much and she hope that “dreams” can shows her about her man (the writer’s boyfriend) when she sleep. 10.For fancy fills my dreaming eye(C3)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “fancy” is an abstract object, it cannot do something. This line means that the writer hope “fancy” can give the beautiful dreams when she sleep.

11.With scenes and pleasures of its own (C4)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “its” in this line is “fancy” in previous line. The word “fancy” is an abstract object, it cannot be seen. This line means that the writer dreams about beautiful things, this line still related with previous line.

12.May smile and soothe it into rest (C7)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “smile” in this line showed all of beautiful things in the writer’s dream such as described in previous line. This line means the beautiful things that she see in her dream make her feel really happy and calm.

13.How sweet to feel it’s helpless form (C9)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “it’s” in this line means that all of the writer’s blissful dream.

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This line means that the writer wants to tell how is the paint and helpless with all the things that she has in her life.

14.And while I hold it safe and warm (C11)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates abstract object like human being. The word “it” is an abstract object that cannot touch or “hold”. The word “it” in this line means the whole happiness of the writer in her dreams. This line means that the writer can feel and touch all of her blissful things in her dreams.

15.And glances then may meet my eyes (C13)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “glances” is described the blissful thing in her (the writer) dreams and it cannot “meet” or do something. This line means that she can see the beautiful things only in her dream which she never get in her real life.

16.That daylight never showed to me (C14)

This line expresses a personification since there is an inanimates object does an action like human. The word “daylight”it cannot do something to the people. In this line “daylight” means the condition in a day. This line means that the writer doesn’t like her real life, because she never get blissful things in her real life.

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17.Those earnest looks of love to see (C16)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “those earnest” is the happiness in the writer’s dream, and it an abstract object and also can’t be seeing. This line means that the writer feels the love and affection in her dream.

18.But then to wake and find it flown (C21)

This expresses a personificatio since there is an abstract object does an action. The word “it” means that the happiness which feel by the writer when she sleep. This line means that the writer finally realize that all of her happiness which she feels are just a dreams in her sleep. And those happiness will gone and destroy when she wake up and back to her real life which full of pain.

19.What tongue can speak the dreary void? (C24)

This line expresses a personification since there is an inanimateS object does an action. “Tongue” is an inanimate object, it cannot be able to produce sound by itself. This line means that the writer tells about her life which unloved and alone.

20.From softly smiling skies (D6)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “skies” is an abstract object and it does an action such as human. This line means that the writer describes about situation around her home.

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21.The wind of winter sighs (D8)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The words “wind” is an abstract object, it cannot do something such as human being. This line means that the writer desribes about the situation around her home. This line still related with previous line.

22.Now loud, it thunders o’er my head (D9)

This line expresses a personification. The writer animates an abstract object like human being. The word “it” is “the wind” in prevous line and it does an action. This line means that “the wind” (in previous line) is rumbled over her head and reminds her of her hometown.

23.For yonder garden, fair and wide (D17)

This line expresses a personification because there is an inanimates object (garden) that does an action like human being. The writer makes “garden” looks beautiful. This line means the writer describe about the situation in arround her home and still related with previous line.

24.And weeds usurp the ground (D24)

This line expresses a personification since there is no “weed” that can be usurp something. The word “weed” is inanimate object that does an action like human being. This line means that the writer wants to describe about the scenes around her home.

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4.1.2 Hyperbole

1. A burdened heart I bear (A2)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), it is impossible “burden” can be “bear”, because “burden” it is just can be feel only. This line means that the writer has many problems in her life.

2. Opposed by many a mighty foe (A3)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). In this line the word “opposed” means that the problems which caused by “a mighty foe”. The words “a mighty foe” means that many people does not like her in her life. So, this line means that the writer has many problem caused by people arround her.

3. With this polluted heart (A5)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because the word “heart” it can’t be “polluted”. This line means that the writer has thought that full fills with bad things.

4. And prone to every sin (A10)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because it is impossible to writer “prone” to “every sin”. The word “prone” means that the writer really wants give her soul for her God. This line means that the writer hope her God will forgive all of her mistakes.

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5. I love silent hour of night (B1)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because there is no “hour” that can be “silent”. This line means that the writer really like situation in the night because she can sleep and dream the happiness things which she never get in her real life.

6. What may not bless my waking eyes! (B4)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating) because there is no “eyes” that can be blessing. In this line the word “waking eyes” means that the real life of the writer. This line means that when the writer sleep (relate with previous line), she can feel the happiness things, but in her real life she doesn’t get it all.

7. That death has silenced long ago (B6)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because there is no “death” that can be silenced. This line means that the writer always hear a whispers (in previous line) which tell her that the problem and paint in her life will over when she died.

8. While on my lonely couch I lie (C1)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because there is no “couch” that can be “lonely”. This line means the writer really feel alone and lonely while she lie on her bed (couch). The words “I lie” in this line means

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that the writer always dreams about blissful things and that blissful things are false in her real life.

9. What bliss to think it is my own! (C12)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). This line relate with previous line, the word “it” in this line is the blisssful dreams of the writer. So there is no dream that can be our own, because dream it just only abstract object. This line means that the writer feel so happiness with all of her dreams.

10.To think my heart has found a rest (C18)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). In this line the writer makes the words “heart” that can be “rest”. The word “rest” in this line means that the writer will found somebody that she can spend her life with and can make her happy forever.

11.A heart whence warm affections flow (C25)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exxagerating). “heart” is one of part in our body, and it impossible to flowing something like the writer describe in this line. This line means that heart should be fills with kind and positive things.

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12.How sweet the joys of love would be? (C28)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). The word “love” means that feel to love someone, so the word love it can not be taste by our tongue. This line means that the writer wants to feel the happiness things in her life such as have found somebody, married and have kids. This line related with previous line.

13.The woodland ivy plays (D2)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), it is impossible “ivy” can be plays. The word “ivy” means that the trees around her home which really nice and beautiful.

14.While yonder beeches from their barks, Reflect his silver rays (D3&4)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), it is impossible the “beech” trees has colours. This line means that the writer describe about beautiful beech trees around her home.

15.That sun surveys a lovely scene (D5)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating), because there is no sun that can be survey of something. Sun is the star that shines in the sky and give the earth heat and light. In this line means that how beautifully the sun shinning the viewer around the writer’s home.

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16.And wildly through unnumbered trees (D7)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). This line related with previous line (that sun surveys a lovely scene D5). In this line the word “wildly” explain about how “the sun” shining unnumbered trees. This line means that the sun shining the trees around the writer’s home.

17.But give me back my barren hills (D11)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). The word “hills” in this line means that the hometown of the writer. It is impossible to carry “hills” to another place. This line means that the writer want tosee and really miss her home.

18.Restore to me that little spot (D21)

This line expresses a hyperbole since there is an over statement (exaggerating). This line still related with previous line, the writer wants all the things which she got in her hometown will be restore to her. It is impossible because all those things are abstract object and can not be taking to another place. This line means that the writer really miss her hometow so much, and really wants to see all those things again.

19.Invites the foot to roam (D26)

This line expresses hyperbole there is an over statement (exggerating). In this line the writer said that “invite the foot to the roam”, how we can invite the foot to take another place, “foot” one of part in our body, it can not be able to do something without

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our power. The word “invites” in this line is just a figure of speech that intends to allow yourself to go and freely in the open. That means when we see what is around the home of the writer, would make us as if to enjoy the outdoors.

4.1.3 Apostrophe

1. O, make me wholly Thine! (A25)

This line expresses an apostrophe since there is some exclamation mark “O”. This line means that the writer hope her God will forgive and calm her soul.

4.1.4 Simile

1. Holy and mighty as Thou art (A7)

This line expresses a simile since it compares the word “holy and mighty” with “Thou art” and using the word “as” as a mark comparison. This line means that the writer really adored her God.

2. And all unworthy as I am

This line contains simile since there is comparison between unworthy and I am. This line means that the writer feels usless in front or her God.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

From the analysis in previous chapter, it is concluded that Anne Bronte’s selected poems contain non-literal meaning expression. The kind of non literal meaning that can be found in the four selected poems are 24 personification, 19 hyperbole, 2 simile, and 1 apostrophe.

The fact that the poems is dominated by personification (there are twenty three cases), lingustically has made the poem seems alive. The use of personification in the poems can show that Anne Bronte is a natural poet, which usually tries to picture everything as living things. Based on this analysis, writer thought that it is important to study and to understand about literal and non literal meaning. If not, there will be misunderstanding or miscaught the meaning when the reader read poems.

5.2 Suggestions

From the conclusion above it is suggested that students of linguistics especially for those who concentrate with semantics to do more research in field of non literal meaning. Since personification and hyperbole are dominates Anne Bronte’s poems it is also suggested that students of linguistics to analyze other kinds of literay works such as poems, plays, or novel from other author to find more about other kinds of non literal meaning.

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REFERENCES

Bloomfield, L. 1962. Language. New York: George Alen Unwin Ltd

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspects of language. Harvard University

Hornby, A S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press

Katz, Jerold. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper&row

Keraf, Goris 1991. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka

Leech, Geoffrey P. 1981. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. London : Penguin Books.

Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics. London: Cambridge University Press

Nazir, Mohammad. 2011. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia

Palmer, F.R. Semantics. London: Cambrige University Press

Sinulingga, Mery Susanti. 2007. The Semantics Analysis of Non-literal meaning in the Selected Song Lyrics of Evanescence. Medan : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya

Irawan, Hadi. 2012. An Analysis of Non Literal Meanings in Edward Estlin Cummings Selected Poems. Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya

Yudi cahyono, Bambang. 1995. Kristal-kristal Ilmu Bahasa. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press

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APPENDICES DATA A

Confidence

1. Oppressed with sin and woe, 2. A burdened heart I bear,

3. Opposed by many a mighty foe: 4. But I will not despair.

5. With this polluted heart 6. I dare to come to Thee, 7. Holy and mighty as Thou art; 8. For Thou wilt pardon me. 9. I feel that I am weak, 10. And prone to every sin:

11. But Thou who giv'st to those who seek, 12. Wilt give me strength within.

13. Far as this earth may be 14. From yonder starry skies; 15. Remoter still am I from Thee: 16. Yet Thou wilt not despise. 17. I need not fear my foes, 18. I need not yield to care,

19. I need not sink beneath my woes: 20. For Thou wilt answer prayer. 21. In my Redeemer's name, 22. I give myself to Thee; 23. And all unworthy as I am 24. My God will cherish me. 25. O make me wholly Thine! 26. Thy love to me impart, 27. And let Thy holy spirit shine 28. For ever on my heart!

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Data B Night

1. I love the silent hour of night, 2. For blissful dreams may then arise, 3. Revealing to my charmed sight 4. What may not bless my waking eyes! 5. And then a voice may meet my ear 6. That death has silenced long ago; 7. And hope and rapture may appear 8. Instead of solitude and woe. 9. Cold in the grave for years has lain 10. The form it was my bliss to see, 11. And only dreams can bring again 12. The darling of my heart to me.

Data C Dreams

1.While on my lonely couch I lie, 2. I seldom feel myself alone, 3. For fancy fills my dreaming eye 4. With scenes and pleasures of its own. 5. Then I may cherish at my breast 6. An infant's form beloved and fair, 7. May smile and soothe it into rest 8. With all a Mother's fondest care. 9. How sweet to feel its helpless form 10. Depending thus on me alone! 11. And while I hold it safe and warm 12. What bliss to think it is my own! 13. And glances then may meet my eyes 14.That daylight never showed to me; 15. What raptures in my bosom rise, 16. Those earnest looks of love to see,

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17. To feel my hand so kindly prest, 18. To know myself beloved at last, 19. To think my heart has found a rest, 20. My life of solitude is past!

21. But then to wake and find it flown, 22. The dream of happiness destroyed, 23. To find myself unloved, alone,

24.What tongue can speak the dreary void? 25. A heart whence warm affections flow, 26. Creator, thou hast given to me,

27. And am I only thus to know

28. How sweet the joys of love would be? Data D

Home

1.How brightly glistening in the sun 2. The woodland ivy plays!

3. While yonder beeches from their barks 4. Reflect his silver rays.

5. That sun surveys a lovely scene 6. From softly smiling skies;

7. And wildly through unnumbered trees 8. The wind of winter sighs:

9. Now loud, it thunders o'er my head, 10. And now in distance dies.

11. But give me back my barren hills 12. Where colder breezes rise;

13. Where scarce the scattered, stunted trees 14. Can yield an answering swell,

15. But where a wilderness of heath 16. Returns the sound as well.

17. For yonder garden, fair and wide, 18. With groves of evergreen,

19. Long winding walks, and borders trim, 20. And velvet lawns between;

21. Restore to me that little spot, 22. With grey walls compassed round,

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23. Where knotted grass neglected lies, 24. And weeds usurp the ground.

25. Though all around this mansion high 26. Invites the foot to roam,

27. And though its halls are fair within -- 28. Oh, give me back my HOME!

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Suggestions

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Bloomfield, L. 1962. Language. New York: George Alen Unwin Ltd

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspects of language. Harvard University

Hornby, A S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press

Katz, Jerold. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper&row

Keraf, Goris 1991. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka

Leech, Geoffrey P. 1981. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. London : Penguin Books.

Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics. London: Cambridge University Press

Nazir, Mohammad. 2011. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia

Palmer, F.R. Semantics. London: Cambrige University Press

Sinulingga, Mery Susanti. 2007. The Semantics Analysis of Non-literal meaning in the Selected Song Lyrics of Evanescence. Medan : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya

Irawan, Hadi. 2012. An Analysis of Non Literal Meanings in Edward Estlin Cummings Selected Poems. Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya

Yudi cahyono, Bambang. 1995. Kristal-kristal Ilmu Bahasa. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press

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APPENDICES DATA A

Confidence

1. Oppressed with sin and woe, 2. A burdened heart I bear,

3. Opposed by many a mighty foe: 4. But I will not despair.

5. With this polluted heart 6. I dare to come to Thee, 7. Holy and mighty as Thou art; 8. For Thou wilt pardon me. 9. I feel that I am weak, 10. And prone to every sin:

11. But Thou who giv'st to those who seek, 12. Wilt give me strength within.

13. Far as this earth may be 14. From yonder starry skies; 15. Remoter still am I from Thee: 16. Yet Thou wilt not despise. 17. I need not fear my foes, 18. I need not yield to care,

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Night