An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In “The Pearl” By John Steinbeck
AN ANALYSIS OF NON-
LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL”
BY JOHN STEINBECK
A THESIS
BY
RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG
REG. NO. 110721015
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
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AN ANALYSIS OF NON-
LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL”
BY JOHN STEINBECK
A THESIS
BY
RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG
REG. NO. 110721015
Supervisor Co-supervisor
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MEDAN
2013
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Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the
Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head
Secretary
Dr.Muchizar Muchtar, M.S
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held at the Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on August 13th, 2013.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA. NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ... Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum. ... Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. ... Dr. Nilzami, M.Hum. ... Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. ...
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Praise to The Lord Jesus Christ for His tender mercy that the writer finally completed this thesis writing. The thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
During the process of finishing this thesis, the writer realizes that she got many helps from those who had given much valuable suggestion, educated, guidance, and moral support at a particular time while the completion of this thesis.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to her supervisor and co-supervisor Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum
for their generosity, assistance, guidance, advice and precious time they spent on supervising the draft of this thesis. She also gives gratitude to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as the Head of English Department, and Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Departement for encouragements, suggestions and administrative help during her academic years at University. Then, gratitude also goes to all lecturers of English Department for their valuable instructions and information.
Greatest thanks are fully dedicated to her dearest parents, her Dad Drs. Markus Sipayung, M.Si and her Mom Suarni Barus, who have patiently given
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moral, spiritual and financial support, everlasting love and their prayers, together with her beloved sisters : Fiska Marni Sipayung, SE and Anna Elyruspika Sipayung, SS, S.Pd her little brother Paul Yogaondo Sipayung, her brother-in-law
Wira Dony Gultom, ST and her beloved nephew Giovandro Timothy Gultom for all unending support and prayer.
Thanks with deep feeling are dedicated to all my friends Extension English Literature 2011, my juniors SOLIDAS 2010 : Abun Fauji Ridwan ’bences’ and Rizky ‘kidok’, all my soulmates : Citra, Michael, Azwin, Anastasya and many others in all study departments at campus that cannot be mentioned one by one, for all memorable moments they shared together. My biggest appreciation also goes to
all my students Senior High School Dharma Bakti Class X, XI, XII period 2012-2013 especially Hendra, Renaldo, Randy, Roy, Desmon, Riyandi, Eko, Rolintang, Ikhsan and a English teacher, Ma’am MRG there for all supports, times and cares that help me so much to finish this thesis.
Thank you for everybody who has been mentioned, just be sure that all of you will be remembered forever. God bless.
Medan, August 2013 The Writer
RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG Reg. No. 110721015
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AUTHOR
’S
DECLARATION
I , RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed :
Date : August 2013
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG
Title of Thesis : An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in “The Pearl” by John Steinbeck
Qualification : S-I / Sarjana Sastra Department : English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed :
Date : August 2013
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck” membahas tentang makna non-literal yang mencakup hiperbola, metafora, simile, litotes, personifikasi, dan ironi yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dan ujaran novel The Pearl. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan makna non-literal yang terdapat di dalam novel The Pearl berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli seperti F. R. Palmer (1981) dan John I. Seed (1997). Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki dengan menggunakan formula yang telah ditentukan.
Dari analisis data ditemukan 40 makna non-literal dalam novel The Pearl, yang terdiri dari 9 hiperbola (22,5%), 16 metafora (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personifikasi (17,5%), 1 ironi (2,5%). Sedangkan litotes tidak ditemukan di dalam novel The Pearl.
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ABSTRACT
The title of thesis "An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in 'The Pearl' by John Steinbeck" discusses about non-literal meaning which is including hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification, and irony are contained sentences and utterances in novel The Pearl. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of non-literal meaning contained in novel The Pearl by semantic theory of some experts like F. R. Palmer (1981) and John I. Seed (1997). The method used in this thesis is qualitative and quantitative methods, that is by solving the research problem by describing the state of the object being investigated by using a predetermined formula.
After analyzing data, there is 40 non-literal meaning found in the novel The Pearl, which consists of 9 hyperbole (22,5%), 16 metaphor (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personification (17,5% ), 1 irony (2,5%). While litotes is not found in novel The Pearl.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION...... iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... ... iv
ABSTRAK... v
ABSTRACT... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis... 1
1.2 Problem of the Analysis... 4
1.3 Objective of the Analysis... 4
1.4 Scope of the Analysis... 4
1.5 Significance of the Analysis... 5
CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Semantics Theory... 6
2.2 Scope of Semantics... 7
2.3 Goals of Semantics... 8
2.4 Sense and Reference... 9
2.5 Meaning ... 10
2.6 Types of Meaning... 10
2.6.1 Linguistic Meaning... 10
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2.6.2 Speaker Meaning... 11
2.6.2.1 Literal Meaning... 11
2.6.2.2 Non Literal Meaning... 12
2.7 Figurative Language... 13
2.8 Kinds of Figurative Language... 14
2.8.1 Hyperbole... 14
2.8.2 Metaphor... 14
2.8.3 Simile... 15
2.8.4 Litotes... 16
2.8.5 Personification... 16
2.8.6 Irony... 17
2.9 Novel... 17
2.10 Previous Study... 18
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Method... 19
3.2 Data Collecting Method... 19
3.3 Data Analysis Method... 19
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures... 21
CHAPTER IV : FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Finding... 22
4.2 Discussion... 22
4.2.1 Hyperbole... 22
4.2.2 Metaphor... 25
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4.2.3 Simile... 30
4.2.4 Litotes... 32
4.2.5 Personification... 33
4.2.6 Irony... 35
4.3 The Frequency... 36
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion... 37
5.2 Suggestion... 37
REFERENCES APPENDICES
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck” membahas tentang makna non-literal yang mencakup hiperbola, metafora, simile, litotes, personifikasi, dan ironi yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dan ujaran novel The Pearl. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan makna non-literal yang terdapat di dalam novel The Pearl berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli seperti F. R. Palmer (1981) dan John I. Seed (1997). Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki dengan menggunakan formula yang telah ditentukan.
Dari analisis data ditemukan 40 makna non-literal dalam novel The Pearl, yang terdiri dari 9 hiperbola (22,5%), 16 metafora (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personifikasi (17,5%), 1 ironi (2,5%). Sedangkan litotes tidak ditemukan di dalam novel The Pearl.
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ABSTRACT
The title of thesis "An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in 'The Pearl' by John Steinbeck" discusses about non-literal meaning which is including hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification, and irony are contained sentences and utterances in novel The Pearl. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of non-literal meaning contained in novel The Pearl by semantic theory of some experts like F. R. Palmer (1981) and John I. Seed (1997). The method used in this thesis is qualitative and quantitative methods, that is by solving the research problem by describing the state of the object being investigated by using a predetermined formula.
After analyzing data, there is 40 non-literal meaning found in the novel The Pearl, which consists of 9 hyperbole (22,5%), 16 metaphor (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personification (17,5% ), 1 irony (2,5%). While litotes is not found in novel The Pearl.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Analysis
Language is the most important thing in human life. By using languge, people can communicate and interact with other people. Everyday people always use language for their activities, such as in study, work, play, and they can use it to express their ideas and emotions. Sapir (1921) in Language and Literature
(http://www.google.com/language+literary+works), language in literary works is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Literature moves in language as a medium, but that medium comprises two layers, the latent content of language and the particular conformation of a given language. It must have some expression, and that expression must be a linguistic one.
When we study about language, we also study about linguistics. Chaer
(1994:5) says, “Linguistik bukan hanya berarti ilmu tentang bahasa, tetapi juga berarti bahasa itu sendiri, atau mengenai bahasa”. Linguistics is not just the science of language, but it also means the language itself, or about language. Linguistics covers a wide field with different approaches, for example sound systems (phonetic, phonology), sentence structure (syntax), and meaning systems (pragmatics,semantics).
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According to Resmini in Semantik Bahasa Indonesia
(http://www.google.com/gaya+bahasa+dalam+semantik ), language in semantics related with figurative language. Figurative language is the main tool that depicts, describes, affirming a judgment in the field of language and literature. The beauty of the language is the ability to fuse words with words, choosing the right words to give shape to a paper or speech to make it more beautiful.
Semantics is a part of linguistics. Katz (1972:1) says, “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation”. There are two types of meaning, they are literal and non literal meaning. The literal meaning is actual words, or the real. Siregar
(1992) says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”.
The following example illustrate the literal meaning is I am standing now. This sentence is easily understood as long as the speakers mean what they say lexically. In literal meaning there is no misunderstanding or misinterpretation between the speaker and the listener. Non literal meaning is mean different from what the words or sentence really mean. When the speaker speaks nonliterally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. According to Non literal in definition of nonliteral by the Free Online Dictionary
(http://www.google.com/non+literal+meaning), non-literal meaning uses figures of speech. The following example illustrate the non literal meaning is My pen is dancing on paper now. This sentence has non-literal meaning and it means I am writing on paper now.
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Non literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative language. They are described by irony, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, personification and litotes.
So many writers have analyzed figurative language in poetry, lyrics and the Holy Bible. Ramadhan (2004) in her thesis ‘The Analysis of Non-Literal
Meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs’ she
concluded that in the lyrics there are 14 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of simile, 6 cases of personification, 6 cases of euphemism, 1 case of facetious way (irony) and 17 cases of exaggerated way (hyperbole). Perangin-angin (2008) in his thesis
‘An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in The Holy Bible: Hebrew’ he concluded
that in The Holy Bible there are 49 cases of the using of figurative expressions. There are 20 cases for metaphor, 9 cases for hyperbole, 5 cases of simile, 3 for synecdoche, 7 cases for irony, and 5 cases of personification. From the results of the thesis above, the writers analyze the figurative language in lyrics of song and the Holy Bible. I haven’t found thesis about non-literal meaning in novel yet. In this case, I choose a novel to analyze it.
This analysis is non-literal meaning used in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck because it has many figurative language so that I don’t understand how the story and I try to interpret the meaning by using semantic theory. For example, I take one sentence that show the figurative language. Kino awakened in the near dark. This sentence is metaphor. The novel writer wants to compare
‘awakened’ with ‘near dark’. Here ‘near dark’ means bad life. So this sentence has non-literal meaning and it means Kino got severe life so he has become aware.
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1.2Problem of the Analysis
The problem of the analysis are :
1. How many non literal meaning are found in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck ?
2. What is the meaning of each non literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck ?
3. What is the most dominant type of non literal meaning found in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck ?
1.3Objective of the Analysis
The objective of the analysis are :
1. To find out the numbers of non literal meaning found in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck.
2. To interpret the meaning of each non literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck.
3. To find out the most dominant type of non literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck.
1.4Scope of the Analysis
When we want to do an analysis dealing with semantics, there could be too many things to be written. In order to make the reader easy to understand this thesis and also it would be easier for me in writing this thesis as well as analyzing it. This analysis only concern with literal meaning by using semantic theory. With non-literal meaning, speakers can express their opinions by using figurative language.
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1.5Significance of the Analysis
Theoretically, this thesis can be useful for improving knowledge of the writer in interpreting the text to understand the real meaning of the novel. Practically this thesis can be useful for readers who want to master of semantics, especially in non-literal meaning. Even the data that they will be analyzed are different from this thesis, it also can be as their review of related literature or as the basic to analyze in
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CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Semantics Theory
Semantics is the study of meaning in language which does not only concern with the meaning, but also other relationship of meaning including language and cultures. Palmer (1981:1) stated that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language. In addition, he stated
that ‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, or about the way in which it should be described.
Semantics has long been an object of study within the philosophy. It is said that the term semantics itself was introduced into English at the end of the 19th
century. Before the introduction of the term in 1984, the word semantick was once used in the phrase semantick philosophy to mean ‘divination’ of which meaning, of
course has nothing to do with ‘meaning’. The use of this term in English, perhaps can be traced back to the use of the French term semantique which was coined from the Greek in the previous year. In fact, the term semantics (or semantique in French) was not simply to refer to meaning but its development. Such as a concept of semantics has been even in use until the 20th century as can be evident from ‘The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English’, published in1972, which defines of words.
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Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. The basic areas of study are the meaning of signs and the study of relation between different linguistics units. Traditionally, semantics has included the study of connotative sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis and the linkage of all of these to syntax.
There are some definitions of semantics proposed by the linguists as follows: 1. Lyons (1977:1) says, “Semantic is generally defined as the study of
meaning”.
2. Palmer (1976:1) says, “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to
the study of meaning”.
3. Hornby (1974:775) says, “Semantics is branch of linguistics
concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences”.
4. Katz (1972:1) says, “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or with their
pronunciation”. It means that generally the basic principle of
semantics is about the meaning.
2.2 Scope of Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistics meaning. It is not very general agreement either about the nature of meaning or about the way in which meaning in language is studied, each of which if often very influential in determining which facts of meaning are relevant for semantics.
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The first is the linguistic approach. The students of language or linguists have long been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meaning of words and the semantic structure of the sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meaning in the language.
The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expressions, such as the words of language, persons things, and events in the world to which these words refer. Although there may be different approaches to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approaches, i.e. meaning, sense, and reference.
2.3 Goals of Semantics
According to Leech (1981:20-21), there are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it?
A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language which the semantics properties and relations.
The answer to the second question is that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:
a) Semantics theory of natural language should be finite; people are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of natural languages.
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b) Semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except for idioms, expression are compositional. It means that their meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.
2.4 Sense and Reference
Palmer (1976:30) has defined the reference and the sense as follows:
“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words,
sentences, etc., and the non linguistic world of experience. Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intralinguistic relations.”
The sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word. When people speak of the meaning of a word, they are usually speaking about one of its senses, usually what they believe is the primary or central sense. It is not always obvious, however how many different senses should be discriminated for a word. There are many kinds of sense relations, e.g. those exemplified by narrow/wide, male/female, buy/sell.
Phrases, like words, normally both have sense and can be used to refer. Thus the phrase The man who is my uncle refers to a certain individual and has a certain sense which is different from that of The man who married my aunty, although both expressions usually have the same reference. Phrases may, however, have sense, but no reference. Another example is The present King of Indonesia is bald. We have no trouble comprehending the meaning of this sentence, eventhough Indonesia now has
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2.5 Meaning
There are some opinions about meaning. For instances:
1. Bloomfield (1933:139) says, “Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it calls forth in the hearer.” 2. Lyons (1977:2) says, “ The meaning can be distinguished by the technique of
substituting other words in the same context and enquiry whether the
resulting sentences are equivalent.”
3. Crystal (1980:222) states, “This basic notion is used in linguistics both as datum and as a criterion of analysis: linguists study meaning and also use meaning as a criterion for studying other aspects of language (especially
through such notions as contrastivity and distinctiveness).”
By the definitions above, so semantics meaning depends on the grammatical structure of the sentence. The meaning that the speakers say have to express their ideas, minds and feelings.
2.6 Types of Meaning
There are two kinds of meaning, they are linguistic meaning and speaker meaning (Siregar:1992).
2.6.1 Linguistic Meaning
Linguistic meaning is simply the meaning of an expression in some form of language. In linguistics, meaning is expressed by the writer or speaker and what is conveyed to the reader or listener provided that they talk about the same thing. The knowledge of the reader or listener will determine how much or whether he or she understands the message of the speaker or the writer.
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For examples:
1. I like to run.
2. The engines run well.
3. They run a mail – order house.
In standard British English, the word run means something different in each of the sentences. In other words, the word of run has more than one the linguistics meaning based on the context of the sentence or dictionary.
2.6.2 Speaker Meaning
Speaker meaning is what speaker means in producing an utterance. Although
words can’t be used to mean something what they do not mean, there is a tendency of a speaker to use a word to mean something different from what words mean literally. In saying, you are clever the speaker may mean ‘you are bright’ (intelligent).
Because the word clever means ‘bright mentally’, ‘have intelligence’ in English or he
may mean the opposite of what the word means. i.e. ‘you are stupid’.
The speaker meaning is classified in two parts, they are literal meaning and non literal meaning.
2.6.2.1 Literal Meaning
Siregar (1992) says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”. Literal is actual words, or the real means not use figurative or symbolic. When the speaker speaks literal, he or she doesn’t have hidden meaning in his or her words.
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The following examples illustrate the literal meaning: 1. I am standing now.
2. My little brother goes to school everyday. 3. They are playing football in the yard.
All the sentences above are easily understood as long as the speakers mean what they say lexically. In literal meaning there is no misunderstanding or misinterpretation between the speaker and the listener.
2.6.2.2 Non Literal Meaning
Siregar (1992:10) says, “We sometimes mean something different from what our mean, in other words, we sometimes speak non-literally”. People sometimes speak non literal. When the speaker speaks non literally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. It is the opposite of literal meaning. In additional the words or sentence which is spoken by the speaker have hidden meaning beside the lexical meaning.
Everyday people may find many non literal meaning such as in novel, lyrics of song, the Holy Bible, etc. Non literal meaning is very needed to make our sentences or language more beautiful. The following example illustrate the non literal meaning is My pen is dancing on paper now. This sentence has non-literal meaning and it means I am writing on paper now.
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There are so many terms of non literal meaning, such as figure of speech, figurative expression and figurative language. Seed (1997:16) says, “Non literal
language is traditionally called figurative language which is described including by irony (facetious way of speaking), hyperbole (exaggerated way of speaking), metaphor, simile, personification and litotes. And the term ‘figurative language’ will be used in this thesis.
2.7 Figurative Language
Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer or speaker uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. The writer or speaker uses particular symbols to express the ideas.
Beckson & Ganz (1975:80) says, “Figurative language is language which
makes use of certain devices called figure of speech.” Most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language. Figurative language uses figures of speech, a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words.
There are two purposes of using figurative language namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The referential purpose of using figurative language is to describe mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely. And the pragmatic purpose of using figurative language is to appeal the sense or interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise.
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2.8 Kinds of Figurative Language
There are many kinds of figurative language. In this case, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification and irony will be discussed. They are:
2.8.1 Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a large exaggeration. Exaggerated way is an expression to make something bigger or greater than it really is. Kennedy (1978:496) says, “Most of us
from time to time emphasize a point with a statement containing exaggeration.” Etymologically, the word ‘hyperbole’ derived from the Greek word. It is from
two words; ‘hyper’ means ‘over’ and ‘ballein’ means ‘to throw’. It means hyperbole is an extravagant exaggeration that represents something as much greater or less, better or worse or more intense that it really is depicts the impossible as actual.
Examples:
1. He give me wings to fly. 2. He is breaking my heart again.
In the first expression consists of the exaggeration, because as human we
can’t fly. It means he gives me happiness. And in the second expression, it is hyperbole. It means he hurts me again.
2.8.2 Metaphor
Metaphor is a mapping between two domains. It used for an expression which to compare two unlike objects without using ‘like’ or ‘as’. Etymologically, the word
‘metaphor’ derived from Greek word, metaphor meaning ‘transfer’ or ‘carry over’. It
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Barnhart (1995:118) says, “A metaphor is figure of speech in which a word
or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a likeness.”
Examples:
1. My mother is a strong tower. 2. She is the lightening.
In the first expression above, my mother is like a strong tower. It means my mother is a strong woman. And in the second expression, her face is bright. It means she is beautiful.
2.8.3 Simile
Simile is a comparison between two objects using like or as. The word simile
and similarderived from the same Latin word, ‘simile’ means ‘like’.
Kennedy (1978:487) says, “A simile is a comparison of two unlike things, typically indicated by some connective, ‘like’ or ‘as’.” A simile is figurative of speech in which two quite different things are compared because they appear to be similar in at least one characteristic.
Example:
1. His eyes was like the star.
In the expression above consists of simile. Eyes and star is comparing as a subject. Literally, it means his eyes is beautiful.
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2.8.4 Litotes
Litotes means saying less than is actually the case. Tarigan (1985:58) says,
“Litotes adalah sejenis gaya bahasa yang mengandung pernyataan yang
dikecil-kecilkan, dikurangi dari kenyataan yang sebenarnya, misalnya untuk merendahkan
diri.” In other words, a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
Examples:
1. She is not as young as she was. 2. He is no oil painting.
In the first expression above consists of litotes. The speaker wants to emphasize that she is old. And in the second expression, literally it means he is ugly.
2.8.5 Personification
Personification means giving an inhuman thing human qualities. Personification derived from Latin word, persona meaning person, actor or mask
used in the theater and fic means to make.
Keraf (1980:244) says, “Personifikasi adalah gaya bahasa yang melekatkan
sifat-sifat insani kepada barang yang tidak bernyawa dan ide yang abstrak. Juga
disebut penginsanan.” In other words, the object are likely considered as human
characteristics are attached to the objects themselves. Example:
1. My pen is dancing on paper now.
In the expression above consists of personification, pen as the inanimate object is depicted as human. Literally, it means I am writing on paper now.
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2.8.6 Irony
Irony is facetious, sarcastical way of speaking. Irony means meaning the opposite of what is said. Etymologically, the word irony derived from the Greek word eironeia meaning deception or trick.
Keraf (1991:143) says, “Ironi atau sindiran adalah suatu acuan yang ingin
mengatakan sesuatu dengan makna atau maksud berlainan dari apa yang terkandung dalam ungkapan kata-kata.”
Example:
1. Her kitchen is very clean.
In the expression above consists of irony. The speaker wants to emphasize that she has the dirty kitchen.
2.9 Novel
Literature can be divided into fiction and non-fiction. Novel included the form of fiction work. Novel is focuses on narrative or telling stories and has the form of narrative. The fictional narrative, the novel's distinct ‘literary’ prose, specific media requirements, a characteristic subject matter that creates intimacy and length can be seen as features that developed with the Western and modern market of fiction. The separation of the field of literary fiction from the field of historical narrative fueled the evolution of these features in the last 400 years.
Novels are supposed to show qualities of literature and art, while historical accounts are written with the intention to fuel a public debate over responsibilities. A novel can deal with history. It will be analyzed, however, as a timeless work of art.
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2.10 Previous Study
There are some writers have analyzed figurative language in poetry, lyrics and the Holy Bible and they are:
Ramadhan (2004) in her thesis ‘The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in
Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs’ she concluded that in
the lyrics there are 14 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of simile, 6 cases of personification, 6 cases of euphemism, 1 case of facetious way (irony) and 17 cases of exaggerated way (hyperbole).
Perangin-angin (2008) in his thesis ‘An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in
The Holy Bible: Hebrew’ he concluded that in The Holy Bible there are 49 cases of
the using of figurative expressions. There are 20 cases for metaphor, 9 cases for hyperbole, 5 cases of simile, 3 for synecdoche, 7 cases for irony, and 5 cases of personification. These findings show us that metaphor becomes the most dominant kinds of figurative expression that is used in Hebrew.
I am very interested in the findings of two thesis results above, because it relates with title of my thesis. The equation is equally as discuss non-literal meaning. While the difference is in the data source. Ramadan analyzes data in song lyrics and Perangin-angin analyzes data in the Holy Bible. So, in this case I choose a novel
“The Pearl” by John Steinbeck to analyze it.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Method
In this thesis, I apply library research to get supporting information related to the topic of analysis. Nawawi (1993:30) states that: “Penelitian kepustakaan
dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain.”
3.2 Data Collecting Method
Data are sentences (32) and utterances (8) are contained non-literal meaning taken from novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck which consists of 97 pages. I apply observation method in collecting the data. Mahsun (2006:218) says, “Observation
method is method that is usually used by the researcher to observe language using”. In this research, the researcher used teknik simak bebas libat cakap (non participatory observation).
3.3 Data Analysis Method
Descriptive method will be used in analyzing the data. Nazir (1985:63),
“Metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode dalam meneliti status sekelompok manusia, suatu objek, suatu set kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran ataupun suatu kelas peristiwa pada masa sekarang.” Descriptive method is a method of examining the status a group of people, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought or a class of events in the present.
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Furthermore, according to Whitney (in Nazir, 1960:160), “Metode deskriptif
adalah pencarian fakta dengan interpretasi yang tepat.” Descriptive method is the
search for the proper interpretation of the facts.
After that, I use qualitative method. Qualitative is applied by giving a description of figurative language. Punch (1998: 4), “Qualitative method is empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers.”
In counting the percentage of data, I will apply Nawawi’s social analysis method. The most dominant type of figurative language will be calculated based on the following formula:
X X 100% = N
Y
X : Number of the subcategories of figurative language. Y : Number all of data.
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3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
In analyzing the data, the applied procedures are: 1. Reading the novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck.
2. Identifying the text about non-literal meaning found in it by underlining them.
3. Classifying the non-literal meaning into more specific categories, i.e. hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification and irony.
4. Analyzing the data to interpret the meaning of each non-literal meaning. All the data will be analyzed based on figurative dictionary.
5. Making the percentage of non-literal meaning.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Finding
The data are sentences (32) and utterances (8) taken from novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck which consists of 97 pages. Meanwhile the finding of figurative language consists of 9 hyperboles (7 sentences, 2 utterances), 16 metaphors (13 sentences, 3 utterances), 7 similes (6 sentences, 1 utterance), 7 personifications (6 sentences, 1 utterance), 1 irony (1 utterance) and no litotes.
4.2 Discussion
The following explanations are the description of the data:
4.2.1 Hyperbole
1) Sentence : In Kino’s head there was a song now, clear and soft. (page1, paragraph 3, sentence 8)
Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : Kino remembers a song and he wants to sing it so that he feels relaxed.
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2) Sentence : Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.
(page 1, paragraph 2, sentence 5) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : Her eyes sight is really good.
Meaning : She still can see anything although she was in the dark.
3) Sentence : Kino had wondered often at the iron in his patient, fragile wife.
(page 7, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : Kino has different of characteristic with his wife. Juana is stronger than Kino to face a problem.
Meaning : Juana could stand fatigue and hunger almost better than Kino himself.
4) Sentence : Kino has found the Pearl of the World.
(page 23, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : The pearl is a great value.
Meaning : The pearl is really expensive and there is no one have it.
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5) Sentence : In the pearl he saw Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar.
(page 25, paragraph 2, sentence 3) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : He imagines that Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar.
Meaning : He hopes that the pearl realizes it.
6) Utterance : “He was a man transfigured.” (page 27, paragraph 2, sentence 3) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : He is not perfect as human being.
Meaning : As human being, he has a strength also weakness.
7) Sentence : And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house, with letters as big as dogs.
(page 39, paragraph 4, sentence 2) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : This sentence just Kino’s dream. Meaning : His dream was not acceptable by mind.
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8) Sentence : Juana, in her woman’s soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.
(page 63, paragraph 3, sentence 7) Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : Juana is sure that her husband has strength to face his life challenge.
Meaning : Kino, her husband is a strong man.
9) Utterance : “This pearl has become my soul,” said Kino. (page 72, paragraph 1, sentence 1)
Type : Hyperbole.
Literal Meaning : This pearl is a great value for him. Meaning : If Kino gives it up, he will lose his soul.
4.2.2 Metaphor
10)Sentence : Kino awakened in the near dark.
(page 1, paragraph 1, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : Kino awakened from his bad life.
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11)Sentence : The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino’s eyes.
(page 38, paragraph 5, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : His water eyes. Meaning : He cried.
12)Sentence : And in the fire-light her lips and her eyes were alive with her fear.
(page 41, paragraph 2, sentence 10) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : Juana’s anger showed on her face. Meaning : Juana is so angry with Kino.
13)Sentence : In the morning we will sell the pearl, and then the evil will be gone, and only the good remain.
(page 41, paragraph 5, sentence 2) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : Bad lucks will be gone. Meaning : The pearl brings bad luck.
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14)Sentence : The sun was hot yellow that morning.
(page 44, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The sun had shone that morning. Meaning : The sun makes hot weather.
15)Sentence : He felt the evil coagulating about him.
(page 53, paragraph 5, sentence 3) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : He is prejudiced bad something about him. Meaning : He is a prejudices.
16)Sentence : His eyes were soft.
(page 61, paragraph 6, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : His eyes become small. Meaning : He is so sleepy.
17)Sentence : The late moon arose before the first rooster crowed.
(page 62, paragraph 1, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The sun.
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18)Sentence : Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger.
(page 62, paragraph 2, sentence 3) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : He is so angry. Meaning : He was emotion.
19)Utterance : He had said : “I am a man,” and that meant certain
things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and half god.
(page 63, paragraph 3, sentence 5) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : He will do anything to Juana.
Meaning : He has sense of responsible for his family.
20)Utterance : “We must be gone before the daylight comes.”
(page 65, paragraph 3, sentence 8) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The sun. Meaning : In the morning.
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21)Utterance : “There is a devil in this pearl.”
(page 69, paragraph 8, sentence 2) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The pearl is bad to have it. Meaning : The pearl brings bad luck.
22)Sentence : The head-shawl covered the baby, and one end of it
came across Juana’s nose to protect her from the
evil night air.
(page 71, paragraph 8, sentence 4) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The bad night air. Meaning : Fearful weather.
23)Sentence : The sun moved downwards toward the bare stone teeth of the mountains.
(page 84, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : The sun moved to mountain bottom. Meaning : The sun sets.
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24)Sentence : And as the sun lowered, Kino and Juana struggled wearily up the steep slope towards the cleft.
(page 84, paragraph 2, sentence 5) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : Toward evening. Meaning : The sun sets.
25)Sentence : The night seemed a little less dark when she looked out, and to the east there was a lightening in the sky.
(page 91, paragraph 1, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.
Literal Meaning : Moonlight night.
Meaning : The moon radiates its light.
4.2.3 Simile
26)Sentence : Her eyes is cold as the eyes of a lioness.
(page 8, paragraph 4, sentence 1) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : Her mind is blank.
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27)Sentence : A town is a thing like a colonial animal.
(page 22, paragraph 1, sentence 1) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : A town has the bad government.
Meaning : A town is a thing separate from all other towns.
28)Utterance : “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,” and her
voice rose shrilly.
(page 41, paragraph 2, sentence 3) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : This pearl brings bad luck. Meaning : This pearl must throw away.
29)Sentence : He hissed at her like a snake.
(page 63, paragraph 1, sentence 2) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : He imitates snake’s voice. Meaning : He wants to scare off at her.
30)Sentence : She sat quiet as a stone.
(page 77, paragraph 3, sentence 1) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : She sat silent and motionless. Meaning : She wants to be alone.
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31)Sentence : They scuttled over the ground like animals.
(page 79, paragraph 1, sentence 6) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : They ran quickly.
Meaning : They are trying to avoid their enemy.
32)Sentence : Kino edged like a slow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder.
(page 91, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Simile.
Literal Meaning : Kino crawls on his hands and knees. Meaning : He is trying to avoid his enemy.
4.2.4 Litotes
There is no case of litotes found in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. Litotes is a form of understatement, always deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis. John Steinbeck doesn’t want use this form because in litotes consists of negative expressions to express the meaning or has opposite meaning.
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4.2.5 Personification
33)Sentence : The day had drawn only a pale wash of light.
(page 1, paragraph 1, sentence 2) Type : Personification.
Literal Meaning : It looks like rain. Meaning : Cloudy sky.
34)Sentence : He heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of the diffused green light of the sea bottom.
(page 42, paragraph 2, sentence 6) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : He heard sound of waves and it makes a good feeling for him.
Meaning : He enjoyed a view of beautiful sea.
35)Utterance : “The pearl is gone.”
(page 65, paragraph 2, sentence 4) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : The pearl is lost.
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36)Sentence : The wind was at his back and the stars guided him.
(page 73, paragraph 3, sentence 3) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : He was surrounded by the wind and he follows the way of stars.
Meaning : He walks alone in the dark.
37)Sentence : He let the sun play on it until it burned in his eyes.
(page 76, paragraph 5, sentence 2) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : He let the sun irradiates his face. Meaning : He let the sun blinds his eyes.
38)Sentence : The hot sun beat on the earth.
(page 77, paragraph 2, sentence 1) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : The earth drenched by the sun. Meaning : The weather is really hot.
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39)Sentence : The beach was cut and scarred and padded by the feet of animals that had come to drink and to hunt.
(page 86, paragraph 1, sentence 4) Type : Personification.
. Literal Meaning : The beach subsides. Meaning : In the morning.
4.2.6 Irony
40)Utterance : The doctor was closing his bag now.
He said : “When do you think you can pay this
bill?”. He said it even kindly.
“When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,” Kino
said.
“You have a pearl? A good pearl?” the doctor asked
with interest.
(page 37, paragraph 4, sentence 1) Type : Irony.
. Literal Meaning : The doctor is not sure that Kino can pay the bill. Meaning : The doctor thinks little of Kino.
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4.3 The Frequency
There are 40 figurative languages in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. Bellow is the number and the percentage of each type of figurative language. In
counting the percentage of data, I will apply Nawawi’s social analysis method to find
the most dominant type of figurative language. They are:
No. Types of Figurative Language Number of Cases Percentage
1 Hyperbole 9 22,5%
2 Metaphor 16 40%
3 Simile 7 17,5%
4 Litotes - -
5 Personification 7 17,5%
6 Irony 1 2,5%
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data, the conclusions of this research are drawn as follows:
a) There are 40 cases of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. They are 9 cases of hyperbole, 16 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of simile, 7 cases of personification and 1 case of irony. While litotes is not found.
b) In general the meaning of each non-literal meaning is based on figurative used in the sentences and utterances.
c) The most dominant type of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck is metaphor which represents 40% whole cases, followed by hyperbole 22,5%, simile 17,5%, personification 17,5%, irony 2,5% and also litotes 0%.
From the data above, we know that metaphor becomes the most dominant type of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck meanwhile litotes is not found.
5.2 Suggestion
Non-literal meaning is interesting to study and to analyze since figurative has been part of daily conversation to help convey the messages. So, I would like to suggest the students of English Literature to analyze non-literal meaning in other novel that have many figurative language there.
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REFERENCES
Bloomfield, L. 1993. Language. New York: Hold, Rinehart.
Chaer, Drs. Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT RINEKA CIPTA.
Crystal, David. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary Of Language (Second Edition), London: Penguin.
Hornby, A.S. 1974. The Advanced Learner Dictionary of Current English. London: New York University Press.
J. Katz, Jerrold. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper International Edition.
Kennedy, X.J. 1978. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction. Boaton Taranto: Little and Brown Company.
Keraf, Gorys. 1980. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Ende: Nusa Indah.
Keraf, Gorys. 1991. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Leech, Geoffrey P. 1981. Semantics: The Study Of Meaning. London: Penguin Books. Diterjemahkan oleh Drs. Paina Partama, M. Hum.
Lyons, J. 1997. Semantics. London: Cambridge University Press.
Mahsun. 2006. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka.
Nawawi, Hadari. 1993. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
(54)
Palmer, F.R. 1976. SemanticsA New Outline.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perangin-angin, Fajar. 2008. “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in The Holy Bible: Hebrew” [Thesis]. Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya USU.
Punch, K. 1998. Introduction to Social Research: Quantitatie and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage.
Ramadhan, Nurul. 2004. “The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Jascha Richter’s
Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs” [Thesis]. Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.
Seed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Cina: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Siregar, B.U. 1992. An Introduction Course in Semantics. (diktat). Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.
Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1985. Pengajaran Semantik. Bandung: Angkasa.
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Chapter 11 Language and Literature. Retrieved from
http://www.google.com/language+literary+works ( Maret 2013 )
Resmini, Novi Dra. Semantik Bahasa Indonesia
.
Retrieved from http://www.google.com/gaya+bahasa+dalam+semantik ( Maret 2013)Nonliteral - definition of nonliteral by the Free Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/non+literal+meaning ( February 2013)
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APPENDIX 1
No. Sentences
1. In Kino’s head there was a song now, clear and soft.
2. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.
3. Kino had wondered often at the iron in his patient, fragile wife. 4. Kino has found the Pearl of the World.
5. In the pearl he saw Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar.
6. And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house, with letters as big as dogs.
7. Juana, in her woman’s soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.
8. Kino awakened in the near dark.
9. The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino’s eyes. 10. And in the fire-light her lips and her eyes were alive with her fear.
11. In the morning we will sell the pearl, and then the evil will be gone, and only the good remain.
12. The sun was hot yellow that morning. 13. He felt the evil coagulating about him. 14. His eyes were soft.
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16. Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger.
17. The head-shawl covered the baby, and one end of it came across Juana’s nose to protect her from the evil night air.
18. The sun moved downwards toward the bare stone teeth of the mountains. 19. And as the sun lowered, Kino and Juana struggled wearily up the steep
slope towards the cleft.
20. The night seemed a little less dark when she looked out, and to the east there was a lightening in the sky.
21. Her eyes is cold as the eyes of a lioness. 22. A town is a thing like a colonial animal. 23. He hissed at her like a snake.
24. She sat quiet as a stone.
25. They scuttled over the ground like animals.
26. Kino edged like a slow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder. 27. The day had drawn only a pale wash of light.
28. He heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of the diffused green light of the sea bottom.
29. The wind was at his back and the stars guided him. 30. He let the sun play on it until it burned in his eyes. 31. The hot sun beat on the earth.
32. The beach was cut and scarred and padded by the feet of animals that had come to drink and to hunt.
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APPENDIX 2
No. Utterances
1. “He was a man transfigured.”
2. “This pearl has become my soul,” said Kino.
3. He had said : “I am a man,” and that meant certain things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and half god.
4. “We must be gone before the daylight comes.” 5. “There is a devil in this pearl.”
6. “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,” and her voice rose shrilly. 7. “The pearl is gone.”
8.
The doctor was closing his bag now.
He said : “When do you think you can pay this bill?”. He said it even
kindly.
“When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,” Kino said.
(1)
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data, the conclusions of this research are drawn as
follows:
a) There are 40 cases of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. They are 9 cases of hyperbole, 16 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of
simile, 7 cases of personification and 1 case of irony. While litotes is not
found.
b) In general the meaning of each non-literal meaning is based on figurative
used in the sentences and utterances.
c) The most dominant type of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck is metaphor which represents 40% whole cases, followed by
hyperbole 22,5%, simile 17,5%, personification 17,5%, irony 2,5% and also
litotes 0%.
From the data above, we know that metaphor becomes the most dominant
type of non-literal meaning in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck meanwhile litotes is not found.
5.2 Suggestion
Non-literal meaning is interesting to study and to analyze since figurative has
been part of daily conversation to help convey the messages. So, I would like to
suggest the students of English Literature to analyze non-literal meaning in other
(2)
REFERENCES
Bloomfield, L. 1993. Language. New York: Hold, Rinehart.
Chaer, Drs. Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT RINEKA CIPTA.
Crystal, David. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary Of Language (Second Edition), London: Penguin.
Hornby, A.S. 1974. The Advanced Learner Dictionary of Current English. London: New York University Press.
J. Katz, Jerrold. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper International Edition.
Kennedy, X.J. 1978. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction. Boaton Taranto: Little and Brown Company.
Keraf, Gorys. 1980. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Ende: Nusa Indah.
Keraf, Gorys. 1991. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Leech, Geoffrey P. 1981. Semantics: The Study Of Meaning. London: Penguin Books. Diterjemahkan oleh Drs. Paina Partama, M. Hum.
Lyons, J. 1997. Semantics. London: Cambridge University Press.
Mahsun. 2006. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka.
(3)
Palmer, F.R. 1976. Semantics A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perangin-angin, Fajar. 2008. “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in The Holy Bible: Hebrew” [Thesis]. Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya USU.
Punch, K. 1998. Introduction to Social Research: Quantitatie and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage.
Ramadhan, Nurul. 2004. “The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs” [Thesis]. Medan: Fakultas Sastra
USU.
Seed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Cina: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Siregar, B.U. 1992. An Introduction Course in Semantics. (diktat). Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.
Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1985. Pengajaran Semantik. Bandung: Angkasa.
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Chapter 11 Language and Literature. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/language+literary+works ( Maret 2013 )
Resmini, Novi Dra. Semantik Bahasa Indonesia
.
Retrieved from http://www.google.com/gaya+bahasa+dalam+semantik ( Maret 2013)Nonliteral - definition of nonliteral by the Free Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/non+literal+meaning ( February 2013)
(4)
APPENDIX 1
No. Sentences
1. In Kino’s head there was a song now, clear and soft. 2. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.
3. Kino had wondered often at the iron in his patient, fragile wife.
4. Kino has found the Pearl of the World.
5. In the pearl he saw Juana and Coyotito and himself
standing and kneeling at the high altar.
6. And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house,
with letters as big as dogs.
7. Juana, in her woman’s soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned
in it.
8. Kino awakened in the near dark.
9. The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino’s eyes. 10. And in the fire-light her lips and her eyes were alive with her fear.
11. In the morning we will sell the pearl, and then the evil will be gone, and
only the good remain.
12. The sun was hot yellow that morning.
13. He felt the evil coagulating about him.
(5)
16. Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger.
17. The head-shawl covered the baby, and one end of it came across Juana’s nose to protect her from the evil night air.
18. The sun moved downwards toward the bare stone teeth of the mountains.
19. And as the sun lowered, Kino and Juana struggled wearily up the steep
slope towards the cleft.
20. The night seemed a little less dark when she looked out, and to the east
there was a lightening in the sky.
21. Her eyes is cold as the eyes of a lioness.
22. A town is a thing like a colonial animal.
23. He hissed at her like a snake.
24. She sat quiet as a stone.
25. They scuttled over the ground like animals.
26. Kino edged like a slow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder.
27. The day had drawn only a pale wash of light.
28. He heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of
the diffused green light of the sea bottom.
29. The wind was at his back and the stars guided him.
30. He let the sun play on it until it burned in his eyes.
31. The hot sun beat on the earth.
32. The beach was cut and scarred and padded by the feet of animals that had
(6)
APPENDIX 2
No. Utterances
1. “He was a man transfigured.”
2. “This pearl has become my soul,” said Kino.
3. He had said : “I am a man,” and that meant certain things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and half god.
4. “We must be gone before the daylight comes.” 5. “There is a devil in this pearl.”
6. “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,” and her voice rose shrilly. 7. “The pearl is gone.”
8.
The doctor was closing his bag now.
He said : “When do you think you can pay this bill?”. He said it even kindly.
“When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,” Kino said.