3.4.3. Synecdoche
“Synecdoche is a term derived from Greek word Synekdechesthai that means ‘receiving together’” Keraf, 1984. Synecdoche is a kind of figurative
language that mentions part of a thing to signify the whole thing or uses the whole to signify the part. Shakespeare uses synecdoche when he says that the cuckoo’s
song is unpleasing to “married ear”, for he means “a married man” Perrine, 1973.
Synecdoche is a kind of non-literal meaning, which states one thing partly instead of its universe or vice versa. Keraf in Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa
1991:142 says “sinekdoke adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang mempergunakan sebagian dari sesuatu hal untuk menyatakan keseluruhan pars pro toto atau
mempergunakan keseluruhan untuk menyatakan sebagian totum pro parte”. Based on those definition above, we notice that synecdoche is a kind of
figurative language that uses the name of a part of something as the name of its whole part or vice versa. Synecdoche can be divided into two kinds, they are:
1. A part is used to mean the whole of the thing.
For example: “All eyes on you”. The word “all eyes” represent “the people or public”, not only the eyes
of the people but also the whole of their body, since eyes are part of human body.
2. The whole is used to mean a part.
For example: “Did you see the competition between Italy and England?”
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In this sentence, Italy and England are used as substitution of some players of both countries.
3.3..4. Simile
Simile is an explicit and direct comparison of similarities of two different objects. Simile is usually characterized by the use of as or like to mark
the comparison between the objects Keraf, 1984. Perrine 1973 adds that in simile the comparison can also be expressed by some other words such as than,
similar to, resembles, or seems. The sentence “her lips are like a red coral” is a classic example of simile where the writer compares someone’s lips to a coral,
whose colour is red. Siregar 1992:12 says, “Simile is a comparison between two objects using ‘like’ or ‘as’”. For examples:
• Your eyes like the stars. • You are as fresh as daisy.
• Your braveness as a lion.
In the first sentence, it does not mean that your eyes like stars. The writer wants to compare your eyes and the stars. In literal, we can say that you eyes is
beautiful or you have beautiful eyes. In the second sentence, the writer wants to compare you and daisy. The writer wants to compare the freshness between you
and fresh flower like daisy. In literal, it becomes you are fresh like a fresh daisy. In the third sentence, the writer wants to compare you with lion. In literal, we can
say that you are a strong and brave person like a lion. A simile is not just an ordinary comparison. If you say “my bag is like
your bag” or “I run as other boy run” you are not making a simile. Such
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comparison are important and necessary in daily conversation, but they are literal. A simile must compare two basic things that are found to be alike in one respect.
3.3.5. Metaphor
Metaphor is the way to express the idea by using the substitution words with the similar qualities as the representation of first object which is substituted.
It describes one thing or idea by using words usually use of something else. The use of similar qualities does not mean one object is like another.
For example of metaphor “she hide from mortal eyes”. If we think about mortal, we may consider it as a kind of dangerous thing as the eye. In this case,
the word mortal used to express the idea of someone who is having a sharp looking. Another example is “Departing summer hath assumed”. The word
departing emphasizes a condition means by gone. Metaphorically it may mean that a situation where the season was by gone or change with other season.
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4. THE ANALYSIS OF NON- LITERAL MEANING IN SELECTED
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