CHAPTER II THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Philosophical Thought on Human Concept
Talking about human essence like talking about a river that never stops flowing. Man is like another animal which has differences among his species.
The thing differs from other animal is ability to think which gives him freedom to choose.
Man is a species of animal and thus shares many features with other animals. But many differences distinguish man from animal and grant him a
special virtue, an elevation that leaves him unrivaled or perfect creature Insan Kamil. The basic difference between man and the other animals, the
touchstone of his humanity, the source of what have come to be known as human civilization and culture, is the presence of insights and beliefs.
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Animal in general can perceive themselves and the external world and strive to attain
their desires and objects in the light of their awareness and cognition. The same holds true of man, but he differs from the rest of the animals in the
scope, extent, and breadth of his awareness and cognitions and in the level to which his desires and objects rise. It grants man a special virtue and elevation
and separates him from the rest of the animals.
2
The mythology in Greek stated that this universe is a battlefield among gods and man. Man is always in the opposite and competing to gods. Gods are
1
Leslie Stevenson, The Study of Human Nature Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, p. 70
2
Ibid,p. 71
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the anti-human that through their power always attempts to shackle the human freedom, independent, and unity. For showing his superiority, a man purposes
to conquer, subjugate the universe, and then with power he has, he can be master of the universe.
3
This opinion later in the future will bear out materialism prefer for secular life.
In Marxism, a man has to be free in thinking, exploring science research, intellectual activities and economic production without being
controlled by the religious things that repeatedly purposed as a reason for suppression and slavery.
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If we look at it more concisely, this western opinion has formed the human freedom comprehensively and considered them only
such a Chemico-physiological creature as well. Man is considered one of three prominent aspects of metaphysics
which scholars attribute it as trilogy of metaphysics; God, universe and man. The three beings are the bases of the existences exist, although we can easily
say that God as the most prominent factor of everything exist. Biologically, man is the most perfect creature compared with other
creatures. He is an ultimate result of creation that is commonly well-known as the evolution. Man is two dimensions creature, in one hand he is extracted
from the mud making him as the physical being; he is also spiritual one, because, according to Qur’an, the soul of God was blown up into him in other
hand. Hence, a man occupies the unique position between God and universe which grants him to communicate both of them.
3
Ali Shari’ati, Marxism and Other Western Fallacies, Berkeley: UB Press, 1980 p. 15- 31
4
Jose Ortega Y. Gesset, “Man Has no Nature” in Walter Kaufman, Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, London: New American Library, 1975 p. 157
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