Land use, land cover and mangrove diversity in the Indonesian outermost small islands of Rote and nDana

AES BI OFLUX
Ad va n ce s in En vir on m e n t a l Scie n ce s I n t e r n a t ion a l Jou r n a l of t h e Bioflu x Socie t y

La n d u se , la n d cove r a n d m a n gr ove dive r sit y in
t h e I ndone sia n ou t e rm ost sm a ll isla n ds of Rot e
a n d n Da n a
1
2

Widiat m aka, 2 Wiwin Am barwulan, 3 Nandi Kusm aryandi, 4 Cecep Kusm ana,
Priyadi Kardono
1

Depart m ent of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor Agricult ural Universit y, Bogor
16680, I ndonesia; 2 Geospat ial I nform at ion Agency, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, I ndonesia;
3
Depart m ent of Forest Ressources Conservation and Ecot ourism , Bogor Agricult ural
University, Bogor 16680, I ndonesia; 4 Depart m ent of Silvicult ure, Bogor Agricult ural
University, Bogor 16680, I ndonesia. Corresponding aut hor: Widiat m aka,
w idiat m aka@ipb.ac.id; widi.widiat m aka@yahoo.com

Abst r a ct . I n I ndonesia which has t housands of islands, t he inv ent or y and evaluat ion of nat ur al r esour ces
of islands, including in t he out er m ost islands, should be done t o pr ovide accur at e and up- t o- dat e baseline
dat a t hat can be accessed quickly t o suppor t t he sust ainable m anagem ent of nat ur al r esour ces. The
obj ect ive of t his paper is t o pr esent par t of t he invent or y r esult s of nat ur al r esour ces on Rot e and nDana
islands in East Nusa Tenggar a Pr ovince, I ndonesia, especially r egar ding change in land use and land
cover fr om 2000 t o 2014 and t he com posit ion of t he m angr ove ecosyst em at sever al point s of
m easur em ent . Land use and land cover wer e int er pr et ed fr om Landsat sat ellit e im agery acquir ed in 2000
and 2014. Pr im ar y dat a of t he m angr ove wer e obt ained t hr ough m easur em ent s dur ing field sur veys at
four st at ions. The r esult s of t he r esear ch indicat ed t hat land use and land cover change in t his out er m ost
and r em ot e island wer e gener ally st at ic. Changes in land use and land cover appear ed t o be only slight ly
affect ed by t he populat ion which is st ill few in t he ar ea. Never t heless, m angr ove dest r uct ion has begun.
Distr ibut ion in all m angr ove st r at a ( seedlings, saplings and tr ees) on Rot e and nDana islands was not
spr ead evenly and was differ ent at each st at ion obser ved. At st at ions wher e t he subst r at e was sandy
m uds, Rhizophor a m ucr onat a was t he dom inant species. I n t he st at ions wher e t he subst r at e was
dom inant ly m uddy, Avicennia alba and Cer iops t agal wer e dom inant . On t he nDana islands, t he
m angr ove was found on a plat eau of t he island, wit h Avicennia spp. and Her it ier a spp. which wer e t he
dom inant species. This r esearch descr ibes t he diver sit y of t he m angr ove in differ ent locat ions at differ ent
st r at a. This descript ion should becom e par t of t he dat abase on t he m angr ove ecosyst em in r em ot e ar ea.
Ke y W or ds: land use and land cover change, Landsat im ager y, m angr ove species, r esour ce invent or y,
t r ansect.

I n t r odu ct ion. I ndonesia has 13,466 islands ( GI A 2014; Widiat m aka et al 2015) , m aking
t he count ry t he largest archipelago in t he w orld ( AsianI nfo.org 2015) . I n t hose islands,
t here are very diverse biotic and abiotic nat ural resources. I ndonesian biodiversity can be
listed in t erm s of flora and fauna as exam ples: t he count ry has 515 species of m am m als
( 12% of t he w orld’s m am m als, first rank in t he w orld) , 511 species of rept iles ( 7.3% of
t he w orld’s reptiles, t hird rank in t he w orld) , 1,531 species of birds ( 17% of t he w orld’s
birds, fourt h rank in t he w orld) , 270 species of am phibians ( fift h rank in t he w orld) , 121
species of but t erflies ( first rank in t he w orld) , 2,837 species of invertebrat es and 3,800
species of plant s ( Nandika 2005; Kusm ana 2011) . Alt hough t he land area of I ndonesia is
only 1.3% of t he surface of t he eart h ( Kusm ana 2011) , it s biodiversit y const it ut es an
im port ant part of t he w orld’s biodiversity. However, not all of t he nat ural resource
diversit y of t hese islands has been w ell-identified.
Am ong t hese t housands of islands, som e are sm all and locat ed in t he out er part of
t he count ry, know n as t he out erm ost islands. Alt hough t hey are sm all, t hey occupy
st rat egic places due t o t heir borders w it h neighbouring count ries. As a border region, t he
nat ural resources of t hese islands need t o be invent oried as part of t he regional
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developm ent of t he border region. This developm ent is essential t o t he w elfare of people
living on t he concerned islands, as w ell as for nat ional defence. The border region has t he
pot ent ial for nat ural resources, but has not been w ell m anaged ( NABM 2014) because of
t he rem ot e geographic positions of t he islands. The resource pot ent ial can vary, w hich
m ay include land resources, nat ural gas, oil, m ineral m at erials, t ropical tim ber,
germ plasm and aquat ic resources. So far, t his pot ent ial in I ndonesia has received
m inim al at t ention ( Raharj o 2012) and has not been w ell recorded.
Exploit ation of nat ural resources on sm all islands needs t o be preceded by an
invent ory in order t o plan it s use. Only aft er t he pot ency of resources is know n, can
planning for t heir utilisation on a sust ainable basis occur ( WCED 1987) . This is t rue for
sm all islands because t hey have a lim it ed resource capacit y. Sm all islands t end t o have
lim ited space, rest rict ed habit at s, low species num bers, and high species endem ism
( Cushnahan 2001) . This has been conceived j ointly by various nations, as st at ed by t he
Global Conference on t he Sust ainable Developm ent of Sm all I sland Developing St ates
( UNGA 1994) . One part of t he resolut ion st at ed t hat t he sust ainabilit y of t he resources on
sm all islands is dependent on t he asset m anagem ent of t hese resources, w hich are
generally under pressure. Therefore, effort s should be m ade t o m aint ain sust ainabilit y so
t hat exploit ation does not exceed t he nat ural carrying capacit y ( UNGA 1994) . Resource

invent ory of such islands includes a variety of ecosyst em t ypes, bot h t errest rial and
m arine. The variet y of ecosyst em t ypes on sm all islands is a pot ential resource for
fisheries, m ining, agricult ure and forest ry, beach, t ransport , t ourism and ot her indust ries
( Cushnahan 2001) . The invent ory and evaluat ion of nat ural resources of islands,
including t he out erm ost islands, m ust occur t o prov ide accurat e and up- t o- dat e baseline
dat a t hat can be accessed quickly t o support t he sust ainable planning and m anagem ent
of nat ural resources of t he I ndonesian archipelago. This invent ory is im port ant because
t he ecosyst em s of t he sm all islands are also ecosyst em s t hat are very sensitive t o clim at e
change ( Birk 2014) . Therefore, a m ore in- dept h underst anding of t he resources is
necessary for t he preparation of adapt ation by societ y ( Sm it & Wandel 2006; Mort reux &
Barnet t 2009) .
Wit h such a background, t he Geospatial I nform at ion Agency, I ndonesia, in
cooperat ion w it h t he I nst it ut e for Research and Com m unit y Developm ent , Bogor
Agricult ural Universit y, began t o invent ory several sm all and out erm ost islands of
I ndonesia. Tw o locations t hat w ere invent oried recent ly w ere Rot e and nDana I slands,
East Nusa Tenggara. The invent ory considered biotic and abiotic com ponent s, bot h in
t errest rial land and in w at er. The com ponent s of nat ural resources invent oried and
m apped included onshore abiotic com ponent s ( soil, geology and clim at e), t errest rial
biotic com ponent s (land cover, flora and fauna diversit y), abiotic com ponent s of w at er
( bat hym et ry, pH, dissolved oxygen, sea surface t em perat ure, salinit y) , m arine biotic

com ponent s ( coral reefs, reef fish, bent hos and sea grass beds) , and cult ural
com ponent s. Dat a processing w as designed with m aps at a scale of 1: 25,000. The
resulting out put of t his w ork w as a m ap album cont aining t he nat ural resource diversit y
m aps at a scale of 1: 25,000, w hich w as available at t he Geospat ial I nform at ion Agency,
I ndonesia. This paper presents part of t his invent ory activity, w hich is land use and land
cover change over one decade. The result of t he m angrove diversit y m easurem ent s will
also be present ed.
The m angrove is an im port ant ecosyst em in coastal areas due t o it s environm ent al
funct ion. This ecosyst em is im port ant for coast al prot ection, delivering im port ant
ecosyst em functions, goods and services ( Kat hiresan 2012; Lee et al 2014; Van et al
2015) . I n t he cont ext of sm all islands, t he m angrove is very im port ant for st abilising and
prot ecting t he coast al line from w aves and wind (Dahdouh- Guebas & Pulukkut tige 2009;
Mukherj ee et al 2010; Kat hiresan 2012; Lee et al 2014) . Nat urally, t he m angrove forest
is hom e t o m am m als, am phibians, reptiles, birds, crabs, fish, prim at es, insect s and ot her
anim als ( Valiela et al 2001; Nagelkerken et al 2008; Cannicci et al 2008) . I n addition t o
providing biological diversity, t he m angrove ecosyst em also support s t he genetic pool
and t he w hole lifecycle in t he m arine ecosyst em . The m angrove habit at is a feeding
ground for anim als, and serves as a spaw ning ground and a safe haven fr om predat ors

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for a variet y of j uvenile and larval fish and shellfish ( Cooper et al 1995; Kusm ana 2005,
2014) .
The ext ent of t he m angr ove ecosyst em in t he w orld, including in I ndonesia,
cont inues t o decline. For exam ple, from 1980–2005, t he w orldw ide m angrove forest area
declined by 3.6 m illion ha ( about 20% of t he t ot al area) ( Spalding et al 2010; Van et al
2015) . The m angrove veget ated area in I ndonesia is 3.2 m illion ha ( GI A 2009; Kusm ana
2011) . Based on t he dat a collect ed by t he Minist ry of Forest ry ( Kusm ana 2011) , t he
pot ent ial area w here m ore m angroves could be plant ed ( including m angrove veget at ed
areas) is estim at ed t o be 7.8 m illion ha, w here 30.7% is in good condit ion, 27.4% is
m oderat ely dest royed and 41.9% is heavily dest royed.
I n t heir current condit ion, m angrove forest s have been dam aged and degraded.
As t he m angrove syst em plays an im port ant role in prot ecting environm ent , any loss
creat es a loss of subsist ence, cash- based livelihoods and ecological and conservation
funct ion ( Valiela et al 2001) . Mangrove grow t h requires a cert ain environm ent ; m any
varieties of m angrove environm ent s also require different growing environm ent s. I n
addition t o t he ot her plant species, t he land suit ability m ay be valid for different species

of m angroves ( Widiat m aka et al 2014) . There are m any fact ors t hat det erm ine t he
dist ribut ion of a m angrove, i.e. tidal current s, salinit y, w at er t em perat ure and subst rat es
( Supriharyono 2000; Kusm ana 2011). The ideal place for a m angrove is around a wide
beach, river est uary or delt a, w here t he river flow s and cont ains lot s of m ud and sand
( Dahuri et al 1996) .
The m anagem ent of forest resources needs t o be based on m apping and invent ory
( Van et al 2015) . One of t he m ost used m et hods is rem ot e sensing. Rem ot e sensing and
GI S have been w idely used for t he sust ainable m anagem ent of t ropical coast al
ecosyst em s ( Neukerm ans et al 2008; Sat yanaraya et al 2011; Nfot abong- At heull et al
2013; Van et al 2015) .
The obj ective of t his paper is t o present part ial result s of t he invent ory of t he
nat ural resources on t he Rot e and nDana islands, especially regarding change in land use
and land cover over one decade ( 2000–2014) . This paper will also present a com position
of t he m angr ove ecosyst em at several point s of m easurem ent . Such dat a is int ended t o
support t he developm ent and application of dat abase syst em s and area st udies.
M a t e r ial a n d Me t h od. The st udy w as conduct ed on Decem ber 2014 on t he Rot e and
nDana I slands, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The islands are located bet ween 122 o 30” 123 o 25” E and 10 o 20” - 11 o 00” S ( Figure 1) . The r esearch area has a dry clim at e, wit h a
rainfall average of 900–1,500 m m year - 1 . The area t hat receives t he m ost rainfall is
locat ed in t he sout hern part of t he islands. Rainfall decreases w hen m oving t ow ard t he
nort hern part of t he region.

Land use and land cover w ere int erpret ed from Landsat sat ellit e im agery acquired
bet w een 2000 and 2014. The im ages used for t his st udy include Landsat 7 ETM+
( recorded on 14 Sept em ber 2000) and Landsat OLI ( recorded on 13 Sept em ber 2014) .
The supervised classification w as conduct ed, follow ed by field checking. The im age
classification w as done using ERDAS I m agine soft w are. The land use and land cover
changes w ere t hen analysed using ArcGI S soft w are. Land use and land cover w ere sort ed
int o 16 land use-land cover t ypes following the st andard im agery int erpret ation of
I ndonesian National St andard ( 2010) .
Prim ary dat a of t he m angrove were acquired t hrough field surveys assessing t he
biom et ric dat a. Measurem ent s w ere t aken at four t ransect st ands t hat w ere m ade in Rot e
and nDana islands: MPB, MLB and PBT on Rot e I sland and MPD on nDana I sland. At each
st ation, dat a w ere collected on a plot size of 20 m x 20 m for veget at ion observation. At
each observation point , t w o plot s were m ade. I n a plant com m unit y, t he st ruct ure of t he
canopy can be classified based on t he height of the canopy, respectively from bot t om t o
t op: ( i) low er plant s ( seedlings) , (ii) saplings, and ( iii) t rees. Each class w as observed on
different - sized plots. The schem e of plot m easurem ent s is present ed in Figure 2.

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Figure 1. Sit uation m ap of t he research location.
Transect Line

20 m

50 m

2m
5m

2m

Seedling
5m

Sapling

Tree

Figure 2. Schem e of plot m easurem ent .
On each plot , m easurem ent s w ere m ade in t erm s of height ( h) , diam et er at breast height
( dbh) of each st and, st and num ber, species percent age, and t ree densit y. Height w as
m easured from t he ground t o t he first branch point and t he t op of t he t ree canopy.
Veget ation dat a w ere analysed t o det erm ine t he value of t he relative frequency, relative
density, relative dom inance and im port ance values ( Mueller- Dom bois & Ellenberg 1974;
Cox 1996; Odum & Baret t 2005) . The following form ulas w ere used t o det erm ine t he
st ruct ure and com position of veget ation pioneers:

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I m port ance Value ( I V) = Relative Densit y + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance
Re su lt s a n d D iscussion. The land use and land cover of Rot e and nDana islands for t w o
analysis years are present ed in Figure 3. Result s of t he land use and land cover analysis
are present ed in Table 1.

Figure 3. Result of Landsat int erpret ation.
Table 1
Land use and land cover of Rot e and nDana islands as int erpret ed by Landsat TM satellite
im ages from 2000 and 2014
No.

Land Use/ Land Cover

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Prim ary dryland forest
Secondary dry land forest

Mangrove prim ary forest
Prim ary sw am p forest
Shrub
Set t lem ent
Bared land
Savanna
Wat er body
Secondary m angrove forest

Secondary sw am p forest
Shrub/ sw am p
Dry land agricult ure
Mixed dry land agricu lt ur e

Rice field
Sw am p
Tot al

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Year 2000
ha
15,291.0
20,420.0
2,068.2
114.3
40,647.8
441.8
2,342.1
19,086.4
522.6
2,023.1
2.4
0
6,083.4
18,729.6
527.6
438.0
128,738.3

186

%
11.9
15.9
1.6
0.1
31.6
0.3
1.8
14.8
0.4
1.6
0.0
0.0
4.7
14.6
0.4
0.3
100.0

Year 2014
ha
15,253.3
20,540.3
1,922.3
0
46,146.9
468.2
2,082.5
18,576.8
602.7
1,979.1
0
145.9
4,519.5
15,535.1
527.6
438.0
128,738.3

%
11.9
16.0
1.5
0.0
35.9
0.4
1.6
14.4
0.5
1.5
0.0
0.1
3.5
12.1
0.4
0.3
100.0

Change
( 2000–2014)
ha
%
- 37.7
0.0
120.4
0.1
- 145.9 - 0.1
- 114.3 - 0.1
5,499.1 4.3
26.4
0.0
- 259.6 - 0.2
- 509.6 - 0.4
80.2
0.1
- 44.0
0.0
- 2.4
0.0
145.9
0.1
- 1,563.8
- 1.2
- 3,194.5
- 2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

I n t erm s of area, land cover w hich has t he widest area in Rot e and surrounding sm all
islands, including nDana I sland is shrub, w hich, in 2000, had an area of 40,647.80 ha
( 31.57% ) ; in 2014, it had an area of 46,146.89 ha ( 35.85% ) . Som e of t he ot her m ain
land uses t hat had sufficiently wide areas in 2014 w ere respectively dry land secondary
forest ( 15.96% ) , savannah ( 14.43% ) , m ixed dry land agricult ure ( 12.07% ) , and prim ary
dry land forest ( 11.85% ) . I n t erm s of land use and land cover changes, significant
changes occurred only in som e t ypes of land use and land cover. Land cover t hat
increased in it s ext ent w as shrub ( by 4.27% ) , from 40,647.80 ha in 2000 t o 46,146.89
ha in 2014. Ot her land uses and covers had relat ively sm all changes (less t han 1% ) ,
including shrub/ sw am ps, secondary dry land forest s and set tlem ent s. Meanw hile, t he
t ypes of land cover and land use t hat w ere reduced by a subst antial am ount w ere m ixed
dry land agricult ure, w hich suffered an extensive decrease from 18,729.59 ha in 2000 t o
15,535.06 ha in 2014 ( 2.48% ) and dry land agricult ure farm ing, w hich decreased from
6,083.35 ha in 2000 t o 4,519.51 ha in 2014 ( 1.21% ) . Decreases in t he ot her land uses
and land covers occurred evenly, but in sm all quant ities, such as t he prim ary dry land
forest , prim ary m angrove forest , prim ary sw am p forest , savannah and bare land.
The st at ion of observat ion, plot t ed against t he result of int erpret ation of t he land
use/ land cover analysis of Landsat im agery from 2014 is present ed in Figure 4. These
sites w ere select ed according t o several criteria: ( i) if a m angrove area exist ed, (ii) if it
w as accessible and possible t o obt ain m easurem ent s, and ( iii) if it w as represent ative of
t he ent ire island. Result s of t he veget ation analysis of all st ations of observation are
given in Table 2.

Figure 4. Mangrove observation sit e on Rot e and nDana I slands.
Table 2
Plant veget ation analysis result s in t he m angrove ecosyst em on Rot e and nDana islands
Mangr ove species
Seedling st r at a
1. Cer iops sp.
2. Rhizophor a apiculat a
3. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a
Sapling st r at a
Rhizopor a m ucronat a
Tr ee st r at a
1. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a

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Fam ily

D
t r ee ha - 1
Tr ansect of MPB

Dr
%

Fr
%

Br
%

IV
%

Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae

-

7.14
21.43
71.43

14.29
28.57
57.14

4.71
7.89
87.40

26.14
57.89
215.97

Rhizophor aceae

-

100.00

100.00

100.00

300.00

Rhizophor aceae

-

96.30

66.67

-

162.96

187

2. Cer iops sp.
Seedling st r at a
1. Sonner at ia alba
2. Rhizophor a st ylosa
3. Cam pt ost em on schult zii
4. Br uguier a par viflor a
5. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a
6. Cer iops t agal
7. Pem phis acidula
8. Cer iops decandr a
9. I nt sia bij uga
Sapling st r at a
1. Sonner at ia alba
2. Rhizophor a st ylosa
3. Cam pt ost em on schult zii
4. Br uguier a par viflor a
5. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a
6. Cer iops t agal
7. Pem pis acidula
8. Cer iops decandr a
9. I nt sia bij uga
Tr ee st r at a
1. Sonner at ia alba
2. Rhizophor a st ylosa
3. Cam pt ost em on schult zii
4. Br uguier a par viflor a
5. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a
6. Cer iops t agal
7. Pem phis acidula
8. Cer iops decandr a
9. I nt sia bij uga
Seedling st r at a
1. Rhizophor a st ylosa
2. Cer iops t agal
3. Br uguier a par viflor a
4. Br uguier a gym nnorhiza
5. Sonner at ia alba
6. Cer iops decandr a
7. Pem phis acidula
Sapling st r at a
1. Rhizophor a st ylosa
2. Cer iops t agal
3. Br uguier a par viflor a
4. Br uguier a gym nnorhiza
5. Sonner at ia alba
6. Cer iops decandr a
7. Pem phis acidula
Tr ee st r at a
1. Rhizophor a st ylosa
2. Cer iops t agal
3. Br uguier a par viflor a
4. Br uguier a gym nnorhiza
5. Sonner at ia alba
6. Cer iops decandr a
7. Pem phis acidula
Tr ee st r at a
1. Avicennia alba
2. Her it ier a lit t or alis
3. Rhizophor a apiculat a
4. Rhizophor a m ucr onat a

D
Rhizophor aceae
Tr ansect of PBT

Dr
3.70

Fr
33.33

Br
-

IV
37.04

Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Bom bacaceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Fabaceae

264.44
297.78
11.11
44.44
44.44
177.78
66.67
-

29.17
32.84
1.23
4.90
4.90
19.61
7.35
-

44.59
32.43
2.70
2.70
2.70
9.48
5.40
-

-

73.76
65.27
3.93
7.60
7.60
29.09
12.75
-

Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Bom bacaceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Fabaceae

720
431.11
28.89
33.33
46.67
117.78
33.33
60.00
-

48.94
29.30
1.96
2.27
3.17
8.01
2.27
4.08
-

50.0
28.17
1.41
1.41
2.82
6.35
4.92
4.92
-

73.47
22.64
0.20
0.15
0.35
2.78
0.11
0.30
-

172.41
80.11
3.57
3.83
6.34
17.14
7.30
9.30
-

Lyt hr aceae
677.78
Rhizophor aceae
146.67
Bom bacaceae
2.22
Rhizophor aceae
8.89
Rhizophor aceae
22.22
Rhizophor aceae
44.44
Lyt hr aceae
35.56
Rhizophor aceae
6.67
Fabaceae
2.22
Tr ansect of MLB

71.60
15.49
0.23
0.94
2.35
4.70
3.76
0.70
0.23

56.93
21.16
1.46
2.92
2.92
6.57
5.12
1.46
1.46

96.44
3.31
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.14
0.00
0.00

224.97
39.96
1.69
3.86
5.31
11.34
9.02
2.16
1.69

Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae

1359.26
4046.30
92.59
46.30
37.04
-

24.35
72.49
1.67
0.83
0.66
-

56.91
34.96
3.25
3.25
1.38
-

-

81.26
107.45
4.92
4.08
1.96
-

Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae
Rhizophor aceae
Lyt hr aceae

1179.63
1898.15
61.11
12.96
9.26
22.22

37.06
59.63
1.93
0.41
0.29
0.68

53.85
33.08
5.38
3.08
1.53
0.04

29.17
70.72
0.10
0.003
0.002
0.005

120.08
163.43
7.41
3.49
1.822
3.765

Rhizophor aceae
462.96
Rhizophor aceae
224.07
Rhizophor aceae
83.33
Rhizophor aceae
9.26
Lyt hr aceae
3.70
Rhizophor aceae
3.70
Lyt hr aceae
22.22
Tr ansect of MPD

57.21
27.69
10.30
1.14
0.46
0.46
2.74

52.78
27.01
9.04
4.17
1.49
1.49
4.17

81.55
15.26
2.80
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.28

191.54
69.99
22.14
5.35
2.01
1.96
7.19

Avicenniaceae
St er culiaceae
Rhizophor aceae
Rhizophor aceae

59.46
21.62
13.51
5.41

40
20
20
20

77.83
8.84
8.22
5.11

177.29
50.46
41.73
30.51

Not e: D = Densit y; Dr = Relat ive Densit y; Fr = Relat ive Fr equency; Br = Relat ive Dom inancy; I V = I m por t ant
Value I ndex.

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From bot h t he result s of t he analysis and t he result s of t he field observation at t he
m angrove st ation of MPB t ransect s, it can be seen t hat t he area of m angroves in t his sit e
rem ains only in t he form of t hin belt ( less t han 50 m et res) . The species com position
consist s of only t hree t ypes, nam ely R. m ucronat a, R. apiculat a and Ceriops sp. Based on
t he st ruct ure of t he veget ation, it is conceivable that in t he fut ure, m angrove veget ation
here w ill be dom inat ed by R. m ucronat a. This species has t he highest score on t he
I m port ant Value ( I V) index in all st rat a of m angrov e veget ation at t his sit e. I t seem s t hat
such dom inancy relat es t o t he subst rate of sandy m uds, w hich is dom inant at t his site.
I n PBT Transect , t he m angrove species of S. alba has t he highest I V in t he st rat a
of seedling, sapling and t ree, w here t he I Vs w ere, successively, 73.76% , 172.41% and
224.97% . R. st ylosa has an I V high enough in t he st rat a of seedling and sapling, wit h I Vs
of 65.27% and 80.11% respectively. At t he t ree level, R. st ylosa has a low I V of 39.96% .
C. t agal at t he st rat a of seedling, sapling and t ree, has low I Vs: 29.09% , 17.14% and
11.34% respect ively. The ot her six t ypes, C. schult zii, B. parviflora, R. m ucronat a, P.
acidula, C. decandra and I . bij uga, have very low I Vs for seedlings, saplings and t ree
st rat a.
The conditions for regeneration in PBT t ransect can be seen from seedling and
sapling availability of m angrove veget ation. For S. alba, t he level of regenerat ion is not
good; t he availability of seedlings is low ( seedling densit y of 264.44) and t he availability
saplings is high ( sapling densit y of 720) . For R. st ylosa, t he level of regeneration is not
good; t he availability of seedlings is low ( seedling densit y of 297.78) and t he availability
of saplings is high ( sapling densit y of 431.11) . For C. schult zii, t he level of regenerat ion
is very bad; t he availabilit y of seedlings and saplings is very low ( seedling densit y of
11.11 and sapling densit y of 28.89) .
At t his PBT t ransect , B. parviflora has poor regenerat ion conditions due t o t he low
availabilit y of seedlings and saplings ( seedling density of 44.44 and sapling density of
33.33) . R. m ucronat a has a poor level of regenerat ion due t o t he low availabilit y of
seedlings and saplings ( seedling densit y of 44.44 and sapling densit y of 46.67) . C. t agal
has a high level of regeneration because t he availabilit y of seedlings and saplings
( seedling density of 177.78 and sapling density of 117.78) . P. acidula has a low level of
regenerat ion because of very low densit y in t he sapling st rat a ( sapling densit y of 33.33) .
I . bij uga has no regenerat ion conditions because t here are no seedlings or saplings.
Overall, in t his location, S. alba seem s t o be t he m ost dom inant species, follow ed by R.
st ylosa.
I n MLB t ransect , t he dat a in t he Table 2 show t hat C. t agal has t he high I V in t he
seedling and sapling st rat a ( 107.45% and 163.43% , respectively) , follow ed by R. st ylosa
w it h an I V of seedling and sapling st rat a at 81.26% and 120.08% , respect ively. At t he
t ree st rat a, R. st ylosa has t he high I V ( 191.54% ) , follow ed by C. t agal ( 69.99% ) . The
ot her species have relatively low I Vs for seedling, sapling and t ree st rat a.
For R. st ylosa, levels of regeneration are very good; t he availability of seedlings
and saplings is very high ( seedling densit y of 1359.26 and sapling density of 1,179.63) ,
w it h t he availabilit y of seedlings being higher t han saplings.
C. t agal has a very high level of regeneration; t he availabilit y of seedlings and
saplings is very high ( seedling densit y of 4,046.30 and sapling densit y of 1,889.15) , w it h
t he availabilit y of seedlings being higher t han saplings. For B. parviflora, t he level of
regenerat ion is not good; t he availabilit y of seedlings and saplings is low ( seedling
density of 92.59 and sapling density of 61.11) . For B. gym nnorhiza, t he level of
regenerat ion is not good; t he availabilit y of seedlings and saplings is low ( seedling
density of 46.30 and sapling densit y of 12.96) . S. alba does not have a level of
regenerat ion because t he veget ation in seedling and sapling st rat a w as not found. C.
decandra has a poor level of regenerat ion due t o t he very low availabilit y of seedlings
and saplings ( seedling densit y of 37.04 and sapling densit y of 9.26) . P. acidula has a
poor level of regenerat ion, no seedlings w ere found, w hile t he availabilit y of saplings w as
low ( sapling densit y of 22.22) . Overall, C. t agal and R. st ylosa are t he m ost dom inant in
t he m angrove.
I n MPD t ransect on nDana island, m angrove veget ation is found only around t he
lake and wetlands in t he cent re of t he island, which is t he highest place of t he island.

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There is no m angrove veget ation grow ing directly on t he beaches. There are t w o lakes on
t he island, one of w hich is called t he Red Lake. Here, Avicennia dom inat es t he m angrove
species found. Herit iera w as also found due t o t he relatively dry soil conditions. The fact
t hat on nDana I sland m angroves are present at t he t op of t he island and not on t he
coast al plain m ay indicate t hat geological lifting has occurred (Head et al 2001) .
Results of land use and land cover analysis indicat e t hat it seem s, since t he island
is rem ote, land use and land cover has not significant ly changed over one decade. I n t his
rem ot e location, t here is only m inim um pressure from populat ion grow t h, w hich is
charact erised am ong ot hers, by t he increase of set tlem ent , w hich is not as pronounced
as on t he ot her densely populat ed islands. The low pressure from population grow t h is
reflect ed in t he relatively low population densit y. Based on st at istical dat a ( Rot e Ndao
St at istics 2014) , t he populat ion of Rot e Ndao is 127,911 inhabit ant s. The population
density is relatively low, only 100 people k m -2 . There is even a dist rict ( Cent ral Rot e) wit h
t he low population densit y of 51 people km -2 .
How ever, att ention needs t o be paid t o t he decreasing m angrove area. Mangrove
land cover, bot h prim ary and secondary have declined. Decreasing m angrove area
reached 145.87 ha for t he prim ary m angrove forest and 43.96 ha for t he m angrove
secondary forest . As a percent age of island area as a w hole, t he percent age of t his
decrease is sm all, only 0.11% and 0.03% respect ively. How ever in t erm s of percent age
of t he m angrove forest it self, it is sufficiently high: 7.05% and 2.17% for t he prim ary and
secondary m angrove forest s respectively. This am ount w as equivalent t o a t ot al
conversion of 9.2% , or in absolut e term s, 190 ha of m angrove. Given t he increasingly
im port ance of m angrove in I ndonesia ( Kusm ana 2005, 2011) and t he im port ance of
m angrove forest s for sm all island prot ection ( Vannucci 2002; Verm aat & Tham panya
2006; Mukherj ee et al 2010; Kat hiresan 2012; Lee et al 2014) , t his phenom ena is of
concern.
The result s of m angrove diversit y m easurem ent show ed t hat t here w as a
sufficiently high diversit y of m angrove species in t he islands. There w as quite a diverse
species found dom inating t he area; it seem s t hat t his is influenced by t he diversit y of
nat ural resources w here m angroves grow . There are m any fact ors t hat influence t he
t ypes of m angrove species. A research conduct ed by Mendez- Alonzo et al ( 2008) found
t hat t here is a relation bet w een t he high diversity of plant s, in t erm of average dbh, t o
rainfall variability. Salinit y plays also an influence, as discovered by Lugo et al ( 2007) ,
proving t hat wit h t he increase of salinit y, som e Rhizophora species have sm aller st em
and leaves. I nundat ion seem s t o affect also m angrov e species ( Wat son 1928; Krauss et
al 2006) . Tem perat ure fact ors also have an effect on m angrove species ( Lugo &
Pat t erson- Zucca 1977; Lugo & Medina 2014) as w ell as hydroperiod ( Wat son 1928;
Pezeshki et al 1990) , nut rient availability ( Feller et al 2007) and subst rat um redox
gradient (McKee 1993; Alongi 2009) . I n t erm s of m angrove diversity, t he result s
present ed in t his st udy could be considered as an original result of m angrove. This is due
t o t he fact t hat t he location of t his w as in a relat ively rem ot e area wit h only m inim al
hum an act ivit y dist urbance
Con clusion s. The research w as done in Rot e and nDana I slands, t w o of t he out erm ost
islands in I ndonesia. Land use and land cover changes on t hese out erm ost and rem ot e
islands w ere generally st atic. Changes in land use and land cover appeared m inim ally
affect ed by t he population, w hich is still m iniscule. Nevert heless, m angrove dest ruction
has begun and t hese areas require prot ection
Dist ribution in all cat egories ( seedlings, saplings and t rees) on Rot e and nDana
islands w as not spread evenly ( uniform ) , but w as different at each st ation m easured. At a
st ation w here t he subst rat e w as sandy m uds R. m ucronat a w as t he dom inant species. I n
t he area w here t he subst rat e w as dom inantly m uddy, A. alba and C. t agal w ere
dom inant . On nDana island, w here t he m angrove w as found on t he plat eau of t he island,
Avicennia spp. and Herit iera spp. were t he dom inant species.
This research described t he diversity of m angroves in different locations at
different st rat a. This description should becom e part of t he dat abase on t he m angrove
ecosyst em . One of t he findings t hat should be underlined is t hat w e found t he m angrove

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ecosyst em at t he t op of nDana island. There are geological processes t hat affect such
phenom ena, and research t hat is m ore det ailed on t his subj ect is suggested.
Ack n ow le dge m e n t s. The aut hor acknow ledges t he Geospat ial I nform at ion Agency,
I ndonesia for financial assist ance wit h t his research.
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Received: 20 Mar ch 2016. Accept ed: 21 Apr il 2016. Published online: 12 May 2016.
Aut hor s:
Widiat m aka, Depar t m ent of Soil Science and Land Resour ces, Bogor Agr icult ur al Univer sity, Jalan Mer ant i,
Kam pus I PB Dar m aga, 16680 Bogor , I ndonesia, e- m ail: widi.widiat m aka@yahoo.com ; widiat m aka@ipb.ac.id
Wiwin Am bar wulan, Cent er for Resear ch, Pr om ot ion and Collabor at ion, Geospat ial I nfor m at ion Agency, Jalan
Raya Jakar t a- Bogor Km . 46, Cibinong, 16911Bogor , I ndonesia, e- m ail: w_am bar wulan@yahoo.com
Nandi Kusm ar yandi, Depar t m ent of For est Ressour ces Conser vat ion and Ecot our ism , Facult y of For est r y, Bogor
Agr icult ur al Univer sit y, Kam pus I PB Dar m aga, 16680 Bogor , I ndonesia, e- m ail: nkusm ar yandi@ipb.ac.id
Cecep Kusm ana, Depar t m ent of Silvicult ur e, Facult y of For est ry, Bogor Agr icult ur al Univer sit y, Kam pus I PB
Dar m aga, 16680 Bogor , I ndonesia, e- m ail: ckm angr ove@gm ail.com
Pr iyadi Kar dono, Geospat ial I nfor m at ion Agency, Jalan Raya Jakar t a- Bogor Km . 46, Cibinong, 16911Bogor ,
I ndonesia, e- m ail: pr iyadi.kar dono@gm ail.com
This is an open- access ar t icle distr ibut ed under t he t er m s of t he Cr eat ive Com m ons At t r ibut ion License, which
per m it s unr estr ict ed use, dist r ibution and r epr oduct ion in any m edium , pr ovided t he or iginal aut hor and sour ce
ar e cr edit ed.
How t o cit e t his ar t icle:
Widiat m aka, Am bar wulan W., Kusm ar yandi N., Kusm ana C., Kar dono P., 2016 Land use, land cover and
m angr ove diver sit y in t he I ndonesian out er m ost sm all islands of Rot e and nDana. AES Bioflux 8( 2) : 182- 193.

AES Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 8, I ssue 2.
ht t p: / / www.aes.bioflux .com .ro

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