Plagiarisme

  MATERI 1.

    Definisi plagiarisme 2.

    Batasan plagiarisme

    Fakta plagiarisme 1.

    Film

  

“Copying or closely imitating the work of another

writer, composer, etc. without permission and with

the intention of passing the result of as original work” (ODLIS) Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional RI No. 17 Tahun 2010

tentang Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Plagiat di Perguruan Tinggi.

  Bab 1 Pasal 1 Ayat 1, menjelaskan bahwa   “Plagiat adalah perbuatan secara sengaja atau tidak

PLAGIARISME ADALAH…

  Ajib Rosidi

• “Pengumuman sebuah karya pengetahuan atau seni

  kepada publik yang sebagian besar atau semuanya

  

Apakah plagiarisme hanya

berimplikasi kepada

  deliberate and knowing “The presentation of another person’s

original ideas or creative expression as one’s own. Generally,

plagiarism is immoral but not illegal. If the expression’s creator gives

unrestricted permission for its use and the user claim the expression

as original, the user commits plagiarism but does not violate

copyright laws . If the original expression is copied without

permission, the plagiarist may violate copyright laws , even if credit

goes to the creator. And if the plagiarism result in material gain, it

• Pelanggaran Hukum :

  

Apabila yang diplagiat adalah karya cipta

yang dilindungi Hak Cipta

• Pelanggaran Etika :
• - Non copyrighted works - Karya public domain

• - Tanpa meminta persetujuan atau izin !

  BATASAN PLAGIARISME WWW.PLAGIARISM.ORG

Plagiarisme karena mengambil seluruh karya

     orang lain Plagiarisme karena banyak melakukan COPAS

    

  Mengubah beberapa kata dan kalimat namun 

    masih mengambil struktur kalimat asli Parafrase dari beberapa sumber dan

    

  BATASAN PLAGIARISME WWW.PLAGIARISM.ORG   

  

Mengambil dari beberapa sumber lain dan

mencampurnya   

  Mencantumkan sumber yang tidak eksis atau tidak akurat alamatnya   

  Terlalu banyak mengutip dari berbagai

sumber, sehingga karyanya sendiri menjadi BATASAN PLAGIARISME WWW.PLAGIARISM.ORG Tidak jelas mana yang merupakan kutipan dan

     mana yang karya sendiri karena tidak menggunakan tanda kutip untuk kutipan langsung

  “Plagiarism is the fear of a blank page.”

• Terlalu mudah untuk tidak dilakukan
• Manajemen waktu
• Mentalitas menerabas (Koentjaraningrat)
• Topeng akademis
• Ketidakmampuan menganalisa informasi

• Ketidakmampuan menyeleksi informasi

• Ketidakmampuan merumuskan dan

  FAKTA

Why Warner Bros. Is Suddenly Being Sued for Gravity?

  http://www.vanityfair.com/vf- hollywood/gravity-lawsuit-warner- bros

PLAGIARISME MUSIC

• Sam smith dan Tom Petty
• Megan Trainor dan Puteri Bahar

  FAKTA

PLAGIARISME

BEBERAPA KASUS BESAR

  Kasus Plagiat Amir Santoso (dosen UI), berupa bahan ajar. Plagiasi

• dilakukan terhadap lebih dari 22 buku dan makalah pasca sarjana.

  Kasus Plagiat Syaiful S. Azhar MS (dosen Universitas Gadjah Mada),

• berupa disertasi. Plagiasi dilakukan terhadap karya tulis Nurhasim

• Mahasiswa Universitas Parahyangan Sesalkan Dosen Plagiat (Tempo.co, Kamis 11 Februari 2010)
• Dosen ITB Mengaku Menjiplak Karya Orang Lain (Tempo.co, Kamis 15 April 2010)
• Skandal Plagiarisme Global (Kompas.com, Sabtu 12 Maret 2011)

• * Menjiplak, Dosen Gorontalo (catatan: Universitas Negeri Gorontalo)

  Dipecat dari Tiga Jabatan (Tempo.co, Jumat 3 Juni 2011)

   

• *Unila Akui Ada Lektor Kepala yang Plagiat Jurnal Ilmiah

  (Kompas.com, Senin 12 Maret 2012)

• * Dugaan Plagiat di PTN Diselidiki (catatan: UIN Syarif

  Hidayatullah) (Kompas.com, Rabu 6 Juni 2012)

BEBERAPA CONTOH KASUS DI UPH COPAS

  MENGUTIP LANGSUNG YANG TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN TANDA KUTIP ATAU PARAGRAF GANTUNG

  1.

   

   

   

   

    Pemberhentian dengan hormat dari status sebagai mahasiswa;

  Sanksi Bagi Mahasiswa Plagiator

Teguran 2

Peringatan tertulis; 3

Penundaan pemberian sebagian hak mahasiswa; 4

Pembatalan nilai, satu atau beberapa mata kuliah yang diperoleh mahasiswa; 5

  1.

   

   

   

   

    Pencabutan hak untuk diusulkan dari status sebagai dosen atau peneliti atau tenaga kependidikan;

  

Sanksi Bagi Dosen, Peneliti atau Tenaga Pendidik

Teguran 2

Peringatan tertulis; 3

Penundaan pemberian hak doesen atau peneliti atau tenaga kependidikan; 4

Penurunan pangkat dan jabatan akademik/fungsional; 5

  Sanksi Bagi Pimpinan Perguruan Tinggi

  1. Teguran  

  2. Peringatan tertulis;  

  3. Pernyataan pemerintah bahwa yang bersangkutan   tidak berwenang melakukan tindakan hukum dalam bidang akademik

  biasanya digunakan untuk:

Kutipan langsung

• Teori
• Ungkapan
• Definisi
• Rumus
• Peribahasa
• Pernyataan

Menggunakan tanda kutip (“ “) untuk kalimat singkat :

“I think children are cheating more because there's too

much value on winning and having, and not enough

emphasis on learning and giving” (Lewis, 1920 dalam

Foss & Lathrop, 2000, h.5)

Jika lebih dari 40 kata (APA), atau lebih dari 3 baris (Turabian), menggunakan paragraf gantung

  Posnick mengatakan: Those who enter the teaching profession tend to do so for idealistic

reasons. First and foremost, teachers want to make the world a better

place. They want to share knowledge with students who are eager to learn. They want to teach their students to deal with today's pressures in a positive way. These goals are not easy to accomplish. . . . Parents are busy and may not emphasize character education at home. The temptation to

Jika mau menghindari beberapa kata, gunakan (…):

  Posnick mengatakan: Those who enter the teaching profession tend to do so for idealistic

reasons. First and foremost, teachers want to make the world a better

place. They want to share knowledge with students who are eager to learn. They want to teach their students to deal with today's pressures in a positive way. These goals are not easy to accomplish. . . . Parents are busy and may not emphasize character education at home. The temptation to cheat is everywhere, and the Internet has made it easier than ever. . . . For

  Parafrase dilakukan dengan menyebutkan di awal si pemilik sumber informasi sehingga awal dan akhir parafrase bisa diidentifikasi: Gunawan dan kawan-kawan menyatakan bahwa:

Beberapa ciri yang menunjukkan bahwa seseorang memiliki literasi

informasi antara lain adalah mampu memecahkan masalah, mampu

mengkomunikasikan ide, bersikap selektif yang akhirnya membentuk

seseorang untuk berpandangan kritis dalam mengkaji sesuatu. (Gunawan,

Parafrase tidak boleh terlalu mirip dengan aslinya:

  Sumber asli: Argumentasi adalah suatu bentuk retorika yang

berusaha untuk mempengaruhi sikap dan pendapat

orang lain, agar mereka itu percaya dan akhirnya bertindak sesuai dengan apa yang diinginkan oleh

Parafrase tidak boleh terlalu mirip dengan aslinya:

  Salah: Argumentasi merupakan sebuah retorika untuk

mempengaruhi sikap dan pendapat orang, supaya

mereka percaya dan kemudian bertindak sesuai

Parafrase tidak boleh terlalu mirip dengan aslinya:

  Benar: Argumentasi pada dasarnya adalah tulisan yang

bertujuan mempengaruhi keyakinan pembaca agar

yakin, sependapat dan melakukan apa yang

Anda boleh mengutip untuk:

  Teori  

• Definisi

   

• Kasus

   

• Rumus

   

• Peribahasa

   

• Pernyataan

   

• Data angka dan tahun

   

  “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse

quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably

only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact

  Untuk tulisan yang efektif dan bebas plagiarisme hindari beberapa sumber seperti:

  1.

    Website pengetahuan bersama seperti wikipedia 2.

    Situs blog : blogspot, blogsome, wordpress, blogetery, dsb.

  3.

    Hati-hati saat menggunakan situs berdomain com, net, biz, atau domain komersial lainnya.

  4.

    Gunakan sintaks “site:” atau gunakan “advance Untuk mendeteksi plagiarisme, kita bisa menggunakan beberapa alat deteksi:

  1. Google  

  2. Dogpile.com (meta search engine)  

  3. Plagscan.com  

  4. Plagiarismchecker.com  

  5. Plagium.com  

  Demonstrasi :

  1. Masuk ke : http://intips-kesehatan.blogspot.com/  

  2013/01/tips-sehat-kanker-radiasi-ponsel.html

  2. Copy paragraf pertama dari artikel tersebut  

  3. Masukkan dalam beberapa detektor plagiarisme  

  4. Cek duplikasi berdasarkan URL  

  Koentjaraningrat: “Mentalitas yang bernafsu untuk mencapai tujuannya

secepat-cepatnya tanpa banyak berusaha dari permulaan

secara langkah demi selangkah.” Sitasi VS sitasi elektronik

  Model remark Plus

Minus

  MLA (Modern Language Association) Mostly use in literature and focus on the author It’s easier to use because it uses the parenthetical reference

  Too many variation for work with many authors.

  APA (American Psychological Association) Mostly used in

  Psychology and Social science. Focus on the publishing year It’s easier to use because it uses the parenthetical reference. It doesn’t have many variation Unknown author, other than first letter, title is in lowercases.

  Turabian Used in social area and humanism Can be used using 2 combinations: in brackets with references or footnote with bibliography.

  More complicated writing. With combination of footnote and bibliography need certain rules, such as: ibid, loc cit dan op. cit

  

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• Terkadang hasil generasinya tidak

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    Noodletools ( www.bibme.org )

    Bibme ( www.gobiblio.com )

    GoBiblio (

Reference Manager

  Berfungsi untuk mendokumentasikan

berbagai file artikel jurnal yang diunduh

di Internet, dan menampilkannya lagi jika dibutuhkan untuk digunakan di dalam penulisan sitasi dan daftar pustaka

  Beberapa Free Manager www.mendeley.com )

    Mendeley ( www.readcube.com )

    Readcube ( home.mybibliographix.com )

    Bibliographix ( www.zotero.org )

    Zotero ( www.connotea.org )

    Connotea ( www.qiqqa.com )

    Qiqqa (

Plagiarism Checker

  Berfungsi untuk mengecek duplikasi teks yang akan kita periksa dengan basis data makalah yang telah disimpan di internet.

  Kelemahan: harus makalah dalam bahasa Inggris, dan sangat tergantung dari

banyaknya makalah pembanding yang telah

dimiliki oleh basis data tersebut.

  Bab II, Pasal 3 UU Sisdiknas No.20 th 2003: Pendidikan nasional berfungsi mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk watak serta peradaban bangsa yang bermartabat dalam

  PINTAR? PINTAR?

  PINTAR?

  

"Without feelings of respect, what is

there to distinguish men from beasts?”

• Confucius

Plagiarisme dan pembuatan Sitasi

  

Materi Pelatihan Kursus Pelatihan Instruktur Literasi Informasi

PAKET A, UPH-UNPAD, 4-6 Desember 2012 Oleh: Dhama Gustiar Baskoro SIP., M. Pd.

Pembahasan

    Definisi Plagiarisme   Batasan Plagiarisme   Masalah umum   Mengapa Plagiarisme terjadi?   Kapan boleh mengutip   Kasus-kasus plagiarisme   Model dan macam sitasi

  Definisi Plagiarisme “Copying or closely imitating the work of another writer, composer, etc. without

permission and with the intention of passing

the result of as original work” (ODLIS) Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional RI No. 17 Tahun

2010 tentang Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Plagiat di

Perguruan Tinggi. Bab 1 Pasal 1 Ayat 1. (Jonatan, 2012) “Plagiat adalah perbuatan secara sengaja

atau tidak sengaja dalam memperoleh atau

mencoba memperoleh kredit atau nilai

untuk suatu karya ilmiah, dengan mengutip

sebagian atau seluruh karya dan/atau karya

  

Batasan Plagiarisme

www.plagiarism.org

    Plagiarisme karena mengambil seluruh karya orang lain   Plagiarisme karena banyak melakukan COPAS

  Mengubah beberapa kata dan kalimat

namun masih mengambil struktur kalimat asli

  Parafrase dari beberapa sumber dan

menggabungkannya   Menggunakan kalimat dari karya pengarang sendiri tanpa membuat

  

Batasan Plagiarisme

www.plagiarism.org

  

  Mengambil dari beberapa sumber lain

dan mencampurnya   Mencantumkan sumber yang tidak eksis atau tidak akurat alamatnya   Terlalu banyak mengutip dari berbagai sumber, sehingga karyanya sendiri menjadi tidak orisinil   Melakukan sitasi, namun hasilnya

terlalu mirip dengan sumber aslinya

  Mencantumkan sitasi dalam teks tapi

tidak dalam daftar pustaka atau

  

Batasan Plagiarisme

www.plagiarism.org

    Tidak jelas mana yang merupakan

kutipan dan mana yang karya sendiri

karena tidak menggunakan tanda kutip untuk kutipan langsung

Masalah umum

  Informasi atau ide umum dari berbagai

sumber mis. buku atau artikel jurnal yang

dibaca dan sudah diinternalisasi menjadi

bagian dari pemahaman dan pengetahuan kita (tacit knowledge), tidak merupakan plagiarisme jika kita ungkapkan lagi. Namun ketika kita ingin menuliskan

kalimat yg spesifik mengacu kepada data tertentu atau bagian spesifik milik si pengarang, maka harus mengutip dan membuat sitasinya Mengapa terjadi plagiarisme?   Terlalu mudah untuk melakukannya

  Mahasiswa tidak tahu kapan boleh dan butuh mengutip

  Mahasiswa malas membaca dan melakukan proses analisis dan sintesis

  Mahasiswa tidak membuat kerangka karangan terlebih

dahulu, tidak ada rumusan kalimat penelitian yang dibuat terlebih dahulu

  Mengapa terjadi plagiarisme?

Plagiarisme Ilmiah Biasanya Terjadi di Program Master dan Doktor

  (Tempo.co, Kamis 4 Maret 2010) Ketua Senat akademik IPB, Prof.Dr.Ir. Dudung Darusman mengatakan ada tiga faktor yang mendorong terjadinya plagiat karya ilmiah.

  Pertama orang yang melakukan plagiat adalah pejabat negara (umumnya mereka yang menduduki jabatan penting).

  

Kedua, karena masalah waktu , banyak mahasiswa S2 dan S3 yang tidak memiliki

banyak waktu untuk menyelesaikan karya ilmiahnya kemudian melakukan plagiat.

Ketiga, karena faktor ekonomi. Pelaku merasa memiliki uang yang cukup untuk

meminta seseorang melakukan plagiat untuk karya ilmiahnya.

  Don McCabe, a professor in the management and global business department of the Rutgers Business

School, 2011

  

“McCabe's surveys of more than 200,000 college students,

50,000 high school students and about 20,000 faculty

members have found that a third to 40 percent of students

admit to having done some kind of cut-and-paste plagiarism, he said.” The number of students engaging in the behavior has not increased, but those who are doing it are doing it more often. They used to do it only when they were

  . Now they do it as a matter of habit."

Kapan boleh mengutip?

   Saat mengutip teori atau pernyataan

 Saat mengutip data (statistik, numerik, tahun,

angka, koefisien, yang spesifik)  Saat mengutip kasus dan contoh

   Saat mengutip proses  Saat mengutip rumus  Hal lain yang spesifik dan unik dan tidak bisa dihafal

  

Beberapa kasus plagiarisme

Kutipan dari beberapa media, dalam presentasi: Jonatan, E.(2012). Plagiarism awareness on internet based research. Karawaci: Universitas Pelita Harapan.

  Dan,

  Beberapa kasus besar   Kasus Plagiat Amir Santoso (dosen UI), berupa bahan ajar. Plagiasi dilakukan terhadap lebih dari 22 buku dan makalah pasca sarjana.   Kasus Plagiat Syaiful S. Azhar MS (dosen Universitas Gadjah Mada), berupa disertasi. Plagiasi dilakukan terhadap karya tulis Nurhasim (peneliti LIPI).   Kasus Plagiat Prof. Dr. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita(dosen

UNPAR Bandung), berupa artikel di Jakarta Post dan 4

tulisan lainnya. Plagiasi dilakukan terhadap beberapa

artikel jurnal internasional

• Mahasiswa Universitas Parahyangan Sesalkan Dosen Plagiat (Tempo.co, Kamis 11 Februari 2010)
• Dosen ITB Mengaku Menjiplak Karya Orang Lain (Tempo.co, Kamis 15 April 2010)
• Skandal Plagiarisme Global (Kompas.com, Sabtu 12 Maret 2011)

• * Menjiplak, Dosen Gorontalo (catatan: Universitas Negeri Gorontalo)

  Dipecat dari Tiga Jabatan (Tempo.co, Jumat 3 Juni 2011)

• Unila Akui Ada Lektor Kepala yang Plagiat Jurnal Ilmiah (Kompas.com, Senin 12 Maret 2012)

• * Dugaan Plagiat di PTN (catatan: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah) Diselidiki

  (Kompas.com, Rabu 6 Juni 2012)

  Beberapa contoh kasus di UPH

COPAS

  

Penulisan daftar pustaka yang salah dan

tidak lengkap

  

Jumlah sitasi teks tidak sama dengan daftar

pustaka

  

Jumlah sitasi teks tidak sama dengan daftar

pustaka

  

Mengutip langsung yang tidak menggunakan

tanda kutip atau paragraf gantung

  Cara menghindari plagiarisme   Selalu merencanakan penulisan dengan membuat pendahuluan, dimana ada pertanyaan penelitian.   Buat kerangka penulisan, sehingga ada gambaran dibagian mana kita akan menempatkan sumber pendukung kita.   Selalu membuat sitasi sumber jika kita tidak yakin.

  Memahami dan menguasai minimal satu   model sitasi sehingga mempermudah proses penulisan tanpa harus melihat referensi model sitasi.

    Jika tidak mau menghapal, silahkan gunakan bantuan reference generator atau manager.   Konsisten dalam menggunakan model sitasi tertentu

Model Keterangan Kelebihan Kekurangan

  Berbagai model sitasi

  MLA (Modern Language Association) Digunakan dalam bidang sastra dan bahasa. Mementingkan pengarang

  Mudah digunakan karena menggunakan sitasi kurung di teks Banyak variasi untuk penggunaan multi author 1 dengan 2 beda penulisan.

  APA (American Psychological Association) Digunakan dalam bidan Psikologi dan sosial, mementingkan update tahun

  Paling mudah digunakan dengan sitasi kurung di teks, dan penulisan paling sederhana tidak banyak variasi Nama depan pengarang tidak diketahui, selain huruf pertama, judul tidak menggunakan kapital Turabian Digunakan dalam bidang sosial dan humaniora.

  Bisa digunakan dengan menggunakan 2 kombinasi, yaitu sitasi kurung dengan daftar pustaka dan catatan kaki dengan bibliografi Penulisan lebih rumit, kombinasi catatan kaki dan bibliografi membutuhkan beberapa aturan spt ibid, loc cit dan op. cit

  Chicago Digunakan dalam bidang sosial, humaniora dan jurnalistik

  Model ini melanjutkan model Turabian, jadi punya banyak kesamaan dengan Turabian

  Hampir sama

  

Menggunakan APA versi 6 Buku, artikel jurnal (tercetak dan online), website. th HOW TO CITE USING APA 6 EDITION?

In-text citation (Paraphrase):   Beginning of sentence

  Krankenstein (2006) reported that empirical research verified compliance.

    Middle of sentence

After looking into the issue, Lynch (2007) stated that the findings were

not valid.

In-text citation (Direct quote):   Author and quote together

  The principal stated clearly that students “needed parental permission to leave school” (Abbott, 2005, p. 25).

    Author and quote separated

MacDougall (2004) stated that the “Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34). Direct quotation more than 40 words : Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learninghow to use

  APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of abook, journal,

brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper.Use a short title in the parenthetical

citation or complete title if the title isshort. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book

titles have all theimportant words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles

  2 line spacing

    Six or more author (In-text citation) (Smith et al., 2007)

    Group author (in-text citation) American Psychological Association ([APA], 2010)

  (in-text citation) Multiple author

    (Boote & Beile, 2004; Brydges & Tunon, 2005; Morner, 1997; Tunon & Brydges, 2007) Daftar Pustaka   Book by a single author.

  Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.

    Book by two or more authors.

  

Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of course you're

angry: A guide to dealing with the emotions of

    Book by an unknown author.

  

The alternative medicine handbook. (1994). New

York: Crescent Books.

    Secondary sources

Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New

York, NY: Knopf.

    Two – seven authors Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal:

  Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36   Eight or More Authors

  Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth,

  D., Lengua, L., ...Griffin. W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child

programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. Journal article  

  

Jones, H. M., McKay, J., Alvarado, F., Plath, E., Jordan, A., Porter,

M., . . . Allsop, S. (2005). The attractions of stupidity. The St.

  Croix e-Review, 30(2), 6-10. Retrieved from http://st_croix_ereview.com/index.php/articles/view/30/6/

    Journal article with DOI Gerry, R.. (2000). Tempo training for freestyle. Journal of

  Artikel Jurnal dari Website  

  

Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students' motivation

for extensive L2 reading. Reading in a Foreign Language,

19(1), 1-18. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://

nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/April2007/takase/takase.pdf

  

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Reference Generator

Berfungsi untuk menyusun data bibliografis menjadi sebuah bentuk sitasi dengan model tertentu, sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan.

  Kelemahan:   Terkadang hasil generasinya tidak

• akurat, misalnya jika melibatkan banyak pengarang.
• model sitasi sesuai dengan versi

  

  Beberapa generator tidak memberikan Beberapa Free Generator www.eturabian.com )

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Reference Manager

  Berfungsi untuk mendokumentasikan

berbagai file artikel jurnal yang diunduh

di Internet, dan menampilkannya lagi jika dibutuhkan untuk digunakan di

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Biasanya terdiri dari aplikasi yang bisa diinstal secara mandiri(stand alone),

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Se c t ion

   4 Citing Sources Using APA Manual (6th ed.) APA Manual and Recent Updates

  This section of the Library Handbook addresses how to cite recourses used in the body and the reference list of your document using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Common examples for parenthetical text citations, citing direct quotes, and reference citations in the reference list are provided, but for a more comprehensive list, see the APA manual (6th ed.).

Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit

  Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, taking credit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea. Academic institutions take both intentional and unintentional plagiarism seriously, and it can be grounds for dismissal. According to the APA manual (6th ed.), the best method of avoiding plagiarism is to cite the ideas, theories, and research that directly influenced your work, cite key background information, information that may support or dispute your theory or hypothesis, or offer critical definitions or data (p. 169). Document all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. For journal articles and class assignments, APA recommends using one or two of the most representative sources for each key point, but for the literature review for a dissertation, you should include a more exhaustive list of citations. See APA (6th ed.), pp. 15-16 for more information.

  In-Text Citations

  Notice in this example how the paraphrased version made changes to more than 50% of the original wording:

  1. Original Passage: “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith, 2008. p. 212).

  2. Unacceptable Paraphrasing: Enacted into law in 2002 by President Bush, the No Child Left Behind Act signaled the most sweeping education reform of U.S. educational policy in decades.

  3. Paraphrased: According to Smith (2008), the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century. or The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century (Smith, 2008)

  Paraphrases must include the name of the author and the year of publication of the original source. Including the page number in the text citation is optional.

Quoting Directly

  When you directly quote an author, you need to put the exact words of the author in quotation marks or follow the rules for a block quotation. Include the exact spelling and interior punctuation of the borrowed words. The author, year of publication, and page number(s) or paragraph number for non-paginated materials are always included in the text and a reference citation is included in the reference list. See APA manual (6 th ed.), pp. 170-172.

  a.

  Regular Quotes -- Regular quotes are used when the quote is less than 40 words.

  McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).

• Keep the author and year of publication together.
• Use quotation marks to identify the exact words of the author.
• Include the page number in parentheses immediately after the direct quote.

do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342) Callahan (2001), however, says ….

• Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch.
• Do not use quotation marks.
• Double space the quote unless your school has a rule about single spacing block quotes.
• Do not include any additional lines or spaces before or after the block quote.
• Notice that in block quotes, the period goes before the parentheses, not after.

Citation Placement

  Use the author-date method of citation by inserting the surname of the author and the year of publication at the appropriate point in the text.

  a. Citations for Paraphrased Information See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 175

• Beginning of sentence Krankenstein (2006) reported that empirical research verified compliance.
• Middle of sentence After looking into the issue, Lynch (2007) stated that the findings were not valid.
• End of sentence The report concluded were victims of cyberterrorism (Windhorst, 2004).
• Author and quote together

  d. Multiple Authors for the Same Source

• One author Smith (2007)

  (Smith, 2007)

• Two authors

  Smith and Thomas, (2007)

• (Smith & Thomas, 2007)
• Three to five authors

  Smith, Thomas, and Jones (2007) Parenthetical citation (Smith, Thomas, & Jones, 2007) Subsequent parenthetical citations (Smith, et al., 2007)

• Six or more authors

  Smith et al. (2007) Parenthetical citation (Smith et al., 2007) Subsequent parenthetical citations (Smith et al., 2007)

• Group authors

  American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) Subsequent citations in text (APA, 2010) Parenthetical citation American Psychological Association ([APA], 2010) Subsequent parenthetical citations (APA, 2010) For more information, see APA manual (6th ed.), p. 177.

  e. Multiple Authors for Different Sources

• Different sources may be cited when referring to several representative sources used for a key point.
• List authors in alphabetical order within the same parentheses.
• Separate names with semicolons.
• If a work is in press, put that after the years of publication. Empirical research shows that dissertations chairs think doctoral students have the necessary information literacy skills need to do the library research for the literature review (Boote &

For example: According to S. Ramdial (personal communication, July 20, 2009), the book is ready. or The book is ready (S. Ramdial, personal communication, July 20, 2009). If the personal communication is recoverable, then the source should be cited as an archived material.

Formatting Citations in the Reference List: Books

  General notes about books: If name(s) are the first part of the citation, they are capitalized and

  listed— last name, then initials. Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author. Use Ed. for one editor, Eds. for multiple editors. Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names. Place of publication should include the city name and two letter state abbreviation. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 187. If you are citing a book chapter or section you must indicate the pages. Use p. for a single page and pp. for multiple pages. Put a space after the p. and put a - (dash) between the numbers with no space before or after the hyphen.

• - Ex: Book by a single author.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

  Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

• - Ex: Book by two or more authors.

  Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

  Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of course you're angry: A guide to dealing with the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.

• - Ex: Book by a group author with DOI

  Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.). (1995). Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development.

  Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

• - Ex: Book chapter in book retrieved from archival database. – See APA manual (6th ed.),

  pp. 192, 204, # 25, information about subscription databases on p. 207, 7.05 Price, J. (1934). Bret Easton Ellis: Overview. In S. W. Brown (Ed.), Contemporary novelists (DX Reader version). Retrieved from Literature Resources from Gale database.

• Provide the subscription database instead of the home page or entry page URL of the publisher or other primary publishing channels, if the book is available from an archival datab
• - Ex: Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword.

  Author of section being cited. (Year). Name of section. In author of book, Title of book (p. or pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. Take note: The section author is listed differently than the author(s) of the whole book.

  Jeffrey, I. (2008). Introduction. In B. Saveley, Secret city: Photographs from Peru (pp. 8-12). New York, NY: Thames and Hudson.

• - Ex: Edition other than the first.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Number of edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

  Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked : A new revised edition of the national bestseller on making fearless

   presentations (New rev. ed.) . Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel.

  Pasachoff, J. (1999). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

• - Ex: Work in an anthology.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor’s name (Ed.), Title of anthology (Vol. volume

• - Ex: Multivolume work.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of multivolume work (Vol. volume number-s). Place of publication: Publisher. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 204, #23

  Schlager, N. (Ed.). (2000-2004). How products are made: An illustrated guide to product manufacturing (Vols. 1-4). Detroit, MI: Gale Research. Mills, L. (1996). Architecture of the Old South (Vols. 1-2). Savannah, GA: Beehive Foundation.

• - Ex: Limited circulation book or monograph from the electronic database (ERIC).

  Notice that no location or publisher was included because the monograph was retrieved electronically. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 204, #22 – No ERIC ED accession number was included for this example, and the ERIC URL was provided. However, in #62 on page 212, the accession number was included and the name of the database was used in the retrieval statement. Mead, J. V. (Ed.). (2002). Citation analysis: Investigating the quality of doctoral reference lists [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov

• - Ex: Electronic version of republished book

  Author. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from URL (Original work published in XXXX) See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 203, #21 Freud, S. (1933). An autobiographical study. New York, NY: Knopf. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books (Original work published 1900)

• - Ex.: Electronic version of print book, title translated into English, book translated -- See

  See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 205, #28 If the online version refers to a print edition, include the edition number after the title. See p. 205, #30.

  Freud, S. (1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A. A. Brill, Trans.). Retrieved from http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm If the non-English work is used as the source, give the title in the original language and put the

  

Volume numbers and issue numbers – Do not use vol. for volume or no. for issue number.

  The volume number is italicized while the issue number is not. The issue number is enclosed in parentheses and follows immediately after the volume number with no space. Follow the parentheses with a comma.

  Pages– Newspapers: use p. for one page, pp. for two or more pages. However, for magazines

  and journals, Do not use p. or pp. before page numbers. Follow the page number(s) with a period.

  Article in a journal or magazine. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 199-202.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal or journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

• - Ex: Journal article with DOI assigned.

  Include the DOI or Digital Object Identifier if available. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 187-192, 199 #3. When you do not have a DOI assigned and the reference is retrieved online, give the URL of the exact URL if available. If not, use the journal home page. No retrieval date is included. If the journal article was not retrieved online, end the citation with the period after the page numbers.

  Gerry, R.. (2000). Tempo training for freestyle. Journal of Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42. doi:10.1022/0202-9822.77.4.444

• - Ex: Journal article with DOI assigned, advance online publication. See APA manual (6th

  ed.), p. 199, #5 Cox, C. (2006). An analysis of the impact of federated search products on library instruction using the ACRL standards. Portal: Libraries and the academy, 6(3), 253-267. Advance online publication. doi:10.1212/s00222-009-0987-6

  Getweed, R.-J., Jr. (2007). Information literacy for distance students. Journal of Library

   Administration, 34

  (1), 40-42. Retrieved from http://www.jla.org/

• - Ex: In-press article in a preprint archive. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #6 for in press

  article.

  Watson, J. D., & Jones, F. H. (in press). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. Retrieved from http://www.nsu.fl.edu/DNA/draft_pubs/12345678.pdf

• The exact URL is provided because the article is informally published and not yet indexed on a journal website. The article version was posted online in an outside repository or preprint arch
• - Ex: Journal article retrieved from difficult source to locate online -- JSTOR

  Jennings, B. (1913). Lessons learned in the trenches: The experiences of an urban middle principal. Leadership, 4, 12. Retrieved from JSTOR database.

• Some archival documents can only be found in electronic databases such as ERIC and JSTOR. When the document is not easily located through its primary publishing channels, give the home or entry page URL for the online archive or the subscription database if it is only available in that format. Note that the example above has the article was published in 1913. See APA manual (6th ed.), p.
• - Ex.: Online newsletter article, no author – See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #9

  Upward mobility in third world nations. (2009, spring). Portals of the world: Newsletter of the Florida

  Virtual University

  . Retrieved from http://wwww.fvu.edu/portalsoftheworld /newsletter0102/Spring2004.pdf address or URL of the article. Start it with the word Retrieved and end with the Internet address/URL. E.g.: Retrieved from [http://…] Reed, M. L. (2000). Algebraic structure of genetic inheritance. Bulletin of the American

  Mathematical Society, 34,

  107-130. Retrieved from http://www.ams.org/bull/1997-34-02

  

Unpublished manuscript with a university cited. Retrieved from institutional website, no

date. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 211, #58 Author. (Year, or use n.d. if no date). Title of web document.

  Retrieved from [Institution Name, program or department] website: [URL] Colman, W. C. (n.d.). Comparisons of grade point averages between men who join fraternities and men who do not join fraternities at Shady Rock University.

  Unpublished manuscript. Programs for Higher Education, Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ phe /phe_resources/online_documents.htm

Computer programs, software, and programming languages. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp.