Temporal operators: past
present future
positive did, was
had, used to does, is, have will, shall, would,
should negative didn’t,
wasn’t, hadn’t, didn’t +
used to doesn’t, isn’t,
hasn’t won’t, shan’t,
wouldn’t, shouldn’ Modal operators:
Low Median
High positive can,
may, could,
might, dare will, would,
should, is to, was to
must, ought to, need, has to, had to
negative needn’t, doesn’tdidn’t +
need to, have to won’t,
wouldn’t, shouldn’t,
isn’twasn’t to
mustn’t, oughtn’t, can’t, couldn’t,
mayn’t, mightn’t, hasn’thadn’t to
Table 2.1 Finite verbal operators
So, the finite is the element that indicates either tense iswas, dodid or modality canmust and is often fused into a single word. Then, Gerot and
Wignell 1995:38 divide mood based on the clause forms: declarative, imperative, interrogative and exclamative.
2.3.1.1 Declarative Mood
According to Halliday and Matthiessen 2004:111, “The Subject and the Finite can be identified through the Mood tag; for statements, the relationship is
Subject + Finite. This is called the declarative Mood .” Then, Gerot and Wignell
1995:38 support the above theory, stating that in the declarative mood, the order contains a subject that can be followed by finite. For more details, see the example
below: 3 Example of declarative mood Gerot and Wignell, 1995:38
The car had
four bicycle wheels Subject Finite
Residue Mood
The above example illustrates that the clause, based on its constituent elements, is a declarative mood subject can be followed by finite.
2.3.1.2 Imperative Mood
Halliday 1994:87 says that “Imperative clauses may have a Mood element consisting of Finite plus Subject; or one consisting of Finite only, or of
Subject only; or no Mood element at all ”. Then, Gerot and Wignell 1995: 41
support the theory above, saying that “In imperatives the Mood may consist of Subject + Finite, Subject only, Finite only, or they may have no Mood element.
There will always be a Predicator .” Both views above indicate that in the
imperative mood the composition can contain a subject followed by a finite, only subject, only finite or may not contain the element mood, which is usually
referred to as predicator. For commands, however, both the subject and the finite may be omitted.
Richards 1996:179 says that “Imperative mood clauses are typically realized by a Predicator in the V base form of the verb, with no explicit Subject
or Finite .” Then, according to Sujatna 2008: 35 “salah satu ciri modus imperatif
adalah munculnya Residu Predikator yang berbentuk verba dasar dan biasanya tanpa kehadiran subjek secara eksplisit. Subjek pada Modus imperatif biasanya
you ‘kamuanda .” This view indicates that one feature of the imperative mood is
the appearance of residue predictor in the form of basic verbs and usually without a subject. The subject in the imperative mood is usually ‘you’.
Example of imperative mood Richards, 1996:179: 4
… sit on your bottom … 5
… leave me alone. The subject in such imperative clauses is understood to be you, and many
grammarians would regard such imperative mood clauses as cases of subject omission technically ellipsis. The subject is in fact sometimes stated, as in these
directives given by the same primary teacher quoted earlier. 6
… you make it beautiful. 7
… you boys go and sit over there. The finite auxiliary do may also sometimes be used in imperative mood clauses.
2.3.2 Residue
