Transitivity Process In Worldview’s Articles Of Newsweek

TRANSITIVITY PROCESS IN WORLDVIEW’S ARTICLES OF

NEWSWEEK

THESIS

BY :

NOVA ANDRIYANI

REG NO. 040705037

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah SWT, I would like to thank God, the almighty for His blessing on me, for each day He guides me, and gives me grace, power and chance to accomplish this thesis.

First and foremost, I would like to thank to my Supervisor and my Co– supervisor, Drs. Syahron Lubis, MA and Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M Hum for their guidance, support, advice and constructive comments during the writing of this thesis.

My sincere gratitude also goes to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Drs. Syaifuddin, MA, Ph.D, the Headwoman and the Secretary of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardiah, M Hum, Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL and all of the lectures and staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my studying in this university.

My special thanks are to my beloved parents ( Bachtiar and Karimah ), my beloved brothers ( Samsul, Dasrul, Arman, Yuliardi, Arnovi, Dani ) and my beloved sisters ( Fauriza, Mainar, Marni, Niar, Sriana, Yuni ) for giving me a greet love, support and attention. I’m so lucky to have a big family in my life and I’m so proud to be part of you all. Furthermore, my great thanks are for all my beloved nephew especially for Santi, Irma, Novri, Tia, Ipan, and Fahri. Thanks for your loving and kindness.

Big thanks to my best friends “ Noerdin Family “ ( Zika, Wiwid, Ninta, Ara, Irman, Tino, and Irfan ). Thanks for our friendship and time that we spent together both in happy and sad. I’m really grateful to have brothers and sisters like you all. I also would like to thank to student of 2004 (Devi, Keni, Putri, Maitri, Vika, Siska, etc), student of 2005 ( Fresti, Noni, Ai, QQ, Desi, Ira, Duma, Lili, Febi, Mala, Windi,

Ayu, Izal, etc), the student of 2006 (Nogu, Takim, Ari, Kajol, Ifah, Mawardi, Gutit, Dodo, etc), my brothers and sisters of 2003 until 2000 (bang Al, kak Ina, bang Oscar, bang Dedi, Bang Is, kak Nita, kak Dina, kak Erni, bang Heri, kak Tia, kak Manda, bang Deni, etc).

And the last but not least, I would like to give my special thanks for someone who has given me big support, attention and a lot of care during the writing of my thesis.

May Allah Bless us all. Amin

Medan, 31 July 2008 NOVA ANDRIYANI

AUTHHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Nova Andriyani declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or award another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgments in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Nova Andriyani

Title of Thesis : Transitivity Process in Worldview’s Articles of Newsweek Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Sastra

Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the Librarian of University of North Sumatera, Faculty of Letters, Englis Department on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul “ Transitivity Process in Worldviews Articles of Newsweek “ yang merupakan suatu kajian linguistic fungsional sistemik yakni tentang proses transitivitas yang tercermin pada beberapa artikel worldview dari majalah mingguan Newsweek tahun 2008. Untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan digunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin (2005, 171-172).

Analisis proses transitivitas di dalam skripsi ini menerapkan teori Linguistik fungsional sistemik ( Systemic Functional Linguistic ) yang dipelopori oleh Halliday, seorang dosen dari Universitas Sidney, Australia. Proses ini dapat diidentifikasi melalui kata kerja ( verb ) dalam kalimat sebagai refleksi dari apa yang terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ( Realita ) yang dikomunikasikan melalui penggunaan bahasa (language ).

Dari analisis data ditemukan bahwa proses material yang paling dominan atau paling favorit yang digunakan dalam majalah mingguan tersebut, yakni sebanyak 205 proses (67,43 %), yang diikuti oleh proses relational sebanyak 59 proses (19,40 % ), proses mental sebanyak 19 proses (6,25 %), proses verbal sebanyak 12 proses ( 3,94 % ),

proses eksistensial sebanyak 8 proses (2,63%) dan terakhir proses behavioral

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

AUTHOR DECLARATION ... ii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... iii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Scope of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis ... 5

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ... 5

1.4 Significance of the Analysis ... 5

1.5 Background of the Analysis ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7

2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 7

2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis... 7

2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) ... 8

2.1.3 Metafunctions of Language ... 11

2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function ... 11

2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function ... 12

2.1.3.3 The Textual Function ... 14

2.2 TRANSITIVITY PROCESS ... 15

2.2.1 Material Process... 19

2.2.2 Mental Process ... 21

2.2.4 Verbal Process ... 27

2.2.5 Behavioral Process ... 29

2.2.6 Existential Process ... 30

2.3 Relevance Study ... 31

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ... 33

3.1 Method ... 33

3.2 Data Collecting Method ... 33

3.3 Data Analyzing Method ... 33

CHAPTERIV : THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS IN ... 36

WORLDVIEW’S ARTICLES OF NEWSWEEK 4.1 The Analysis of the Data ... 36

4.1.1 The Analysis of Article “The Wrong Experience” ... 36

4.1.2 The Analysis of Article “Stuck in the Iraq Loop” ... 47

4.1.3 The Analysis of Article “Don’t Feed China’s ... 58

Nationalism” 4.2 Discussion ... 70

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... 72

5.1 Conclusions ... 72

5.2 Suggestions ... 72

BIBLIOGRAPHY... 73

ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul “ Transitivity Process in Worldviews Articles of Newsweek “ yang merupakan suatu kajian linguistic fungsional sistemik yakni tentang proses transitivitas yang tercermin pada beberapa artikel worldview dari majalah mingguan Newsweek tahun 2008. Untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan digunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin (2005, 171-172).

Analisis proses transitivitas di dalam skripsi ini menerapkan teori Linguistik fungsional sistemik ( Systemic Functional Linguistic ) yang dipelopori oleh Halliday, seorang dosen dari Universitas Sidney, Australia. Proses ini dapat diidentifikasi melalui kata kerja ( verb ) dalam kalimat sebagai refleksi dari apa yang terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ( Realita ) yang dikomunikasikan melalui penggunaan bahasa (language ).

Dari analisis data ditemukan bahwa proses material yang paling dominan atau paling favorit yang digunakan dalam majalah mingguan tersebut, yakni sebanyak 205 proses (67,43 %), yang diikuti oleh proses relational sebanyak 59 proses (19,40 % ), proses mental sebanyak 19 proses (6,25 %), proses verbal sebanyak 12 proses ( 3,94 % ),

proses eksistensial sebanyak 8 proses (2,63%) dan terakhir proses behavioral

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of the Analysis

Language plays a great part in our life. It means that every human being in every nation needs and has language. Language is a way of conveying or sharing ideas to others and getting them to grasp new facts. As a fundamental means of communication, language is used to express human’s needs, wishes, desires and intentions. Many people use language to express their thoughts, feeling and information to negotiate or interact in economic and politic activities. Communication exists with language, that’s why the human being cannot be separated from language.

According to Sapir (1921: 8)), “Language is purely human and non instinctive method of communication ideas, emotion, and desires by means of system voluntary produces symbols”. In addition, Mario Finochiaro (1974: 20) says, “Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbol which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture to communicate or interact”. From definitions of language above, we may conclude that language is system of arbitrary produces symbols to express the ideas, emotions, and desires in communicating each other.

Language consists of three levels or strata, namely Phonology,

Lexicogrammatical, and Discourse/Semantic. Halliday (1978: 40) says, “…any text

represents an actualization (a path through the system) at each level : the level of meaning, the level of saying (or wording, to use the folk of linguistic term for the lexicogrammatical system), and of course the level of sounding or writing.” In other words, language is a system of semiotic that expressed by Phonology/Graphology

(sounding or writing), Lexicogrammatical (saying or wording) and Discourse/Semantic.

One level of language is discourse. Concerning with discourse, there are many writers who define about discourse. Some of them are mentioned below :

1. Kress ( 1985 : 27) says, “Discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the social domain, and text is a category that belongs to and derives from the linguistics domain.

2. Stubbs ( 1983 : 10) says, “Discourse is language above the sentence or above clause.

3. Hartman and Stork (1972) says, “Discourse is a text which forms a fairly complete unit, which is usually restricted to the successive utterance of a single speaker conveying a message.

From the definition of discourse above, we may conclude that “discourse is a study related to language, texts, sentences, clauses and units in a written or spoken passage and has a fairly complete unit”. There are many kinds of discourse, such as prose, poems, speech, conversation, composition, lyric of song, radio script, film, symbol, text in a book, newspaper articles, magazine and newsmagazine articles.

Language has three functions or metafunction of language (Halliday, 1994) they are :

1. Ideational Function 2. Interpersonal Function 3. Textual Function

The Ideational function consists of logical and experiential function. The experiential function is realized by the transitivity system. Transitivity is normally understood as the grammatical feature which indicates if a verb takes a direct object.

In the concept of transitivity found in Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar, there are three components of what Halliday calls a transitivity process :

- The process itself (realized by a verbal group)

- Participants involved in the process (realized by a nominal group)

- Circumstances associated with the process (realized by adverbial group or prepositional phrase)

The process consists of Material Process (process of doing), Mental Process (process of sensing), Relational Process (process of being), Verbal Process (process of saying), Behavioral Process (the combination of psychological and physiological behavior), and Existential Process (represents that something exist and happen). The participants are directly involved in the process : the one who does behaves, senses, says, is, or exists. Participants are also centrally involved in the process by being affected by it, the one that is done to, sensed, etc. While circumstances are typical

adjuncts. They answer such questions as when, where, why, how, how many and as

what

This thesis only concerns with the Ideational function. In the ideational function there is a system which is called transitivity. Transitivity system is a presentation of meaning in a clause. The research about transitivity has been done before by some people, e.g “An Analysis of Transitivity Clause in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post” (Fahreni,1999), “An Analysis of transitivity process in the English script of Kangguru radio” (Mandasari,2005) and “An Analysis of Two Types of Transitivity Process in George Bush’s Speeches (Susanto,2007). Because of this, I choose the article of newsmagazine to be analyzed. I take the Worldview’s article of Newsweek to find the six types of transitivity process and get the most dominant

process which characterizes this article, whether it is same or not with the previous research.

Newsweek is an international newsmagazine which is published weekly by

NEWSWEEK, Inc., 251 west 57th street, New York. It has five main topics : Society and The Art, World Affairs, Special Report, Department and Business. In Department topic, there are five articles: Periscope, Perspective, Worldview, The Tip Sheet and

Last World. My research is focused on Worldview’s articles written by FAREED

ZAKARIA which tells about what has happened over the world on real situation. I only take three Worldview’s articles of 2008 as the data in my thesis.

In analyzing the data, I use the Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach Theory (SFLT) of Halliday as the bases of analysis. I choose SFL theory because this theory often appears in social situation or our daily life, either spoken or written. This theory focuses on the purposes and uses of language. This theory also claims that language is functional and language use is unique and can be explored.

1.2 Scope of the Analysis

As we know that discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction but it is also concerned with written text. In addition to all of our verbal encounters, we consume many of written and printed words such as newspaper articles, newsmagazines articles, magazine articles, letters, novels, comics, stories, recipes, billboards, instruction, and notices.

In this thesis, the analysis is focused on the transitivity process which consists of Material Process, Mental Process, Verbal Process, Relational Process, Behavioral Process, and Existential Process found in the Worldview’s articles of Newsweek on February to March2008 written by FAREED ZAKARIA .

1.3

Problems of the Analysis

According to the title of this thesis, there are some questions appeared in it, they are:

1) What types of transitivity process occurred in the worldview’s articles of

Newsweek?

2) What is the most dominant type of transitivity process which become the characteristic in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek?

1.4

Objectives of the Analysis

In relation to the problems, the objectives of this study are :

1) To find out the types of transitivity process occurred in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek.

2) To find out the most dominant process which become the characteristic in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

The findings of this thesis are expected to help the learners of Discourse Analysis to find out the six types of transitivity process in newsmagazine. And hopefully, this thesis will be useful for the readers who are interested in studying transitivity process, in which it can help them to master English and to understand about Discourse and transitivity process better.

Beside that, I hope this thesis can also be used as one of the reference of analyzing process in the article of newsmagazines using the transitivity process.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis analyzes not only large units of language such as conversation or written text but also attempts to achieve the exact meaning or at least the closest meaning intended by the writer in the written texts or speaker in conversation. In order to reach the aim of discourse analysis, there are some function related to it, they are :

1. Enabling one to say why the text is or is not, an effective text for its own purpose in what respects it succeeds and it what respects it fails, or even less successful in order to get the evaluation of text.

2. Enabling one to show how and what the text means so that one can understand the text. This is the lower of the two functions. It is one that should always be attainable based on grammar.

The scope of discourse analysis is wide because discourse analyzes units of languages not only in text but also in spoken for example speech, interview, conversation, etc. We as listeners and readers try to understand every single meaning of the word. In reaching these, the speaker or the writer will try to find the best way in choosing words to link them each other so that the reader or the listener easy to understand.

According to McCarthy (1992 : 12) discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction. In addition to all our verbal encounters we daily consume hundreds of written and printed words : newspapers articles, letters, stories, recipes, instruction, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets

pushed through the door, and so on. We usually expect them to be coherent, meaningful communications in which the words and/or sentences are linked to one another in a fashion that corresponds to conventional formula, just as we do with speech. Therefore discourse analysis are equally interested in organization of writte interaction.”

2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is a theory about language as a resource for making meaning based on a context of situation and a context of culture. SFL was developed by Halliday (1985, 1999), a professor of linguistics from university of Sidney, Australia. This theory is based on Firth’s system structure theory. Firth (1935, 1950, 1951) developed Malinowski’s concepts of context of situation and context of culture. His works were subsequently developed by Halliday, whose theory of language-in- context is generally known as systemic functional linguistic (SFL). The interesting development of systemic functional linguistics theory in Malinowski and Firth’s time was the attention paid to the study of the inter-relatedness of language and context in theory and practice. Modeling language-in- context theoretically, describing and applying the model in question in various areas of human activity have been the trademark of Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT).

SFLT works on language-in- context are available in a great variety of forms such as books and journals. It is also used to explore different ways of interpreting things theoretically such as text, cohesion, coherence, discourse, context, situation, culture and other phenomena. In General Systemic Functional Grammar Theory (GSFLT), the ‘S’ for ‘Systemic’ implies that the theory pays attention to the systemic

relations and their probabilities in a system network of relations and choices starting from general to specific features which are paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the systems of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The ‘F’ for ‘Functional’ implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the system in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meanings that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ‘L’ for ‘Linguistics’ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called “Linguistics”. It is a language-based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language.

SFLT can be used for analyzing text as a form of discourse. Halliday (1994) says, “The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis : one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken and written in modern English” The text that is analyzed, including literary, ethnographic, educational, pedagogical and so on.

It is obvious that when analyzed text, the grammar becomes prominent thing to describe how language works. Therefore, grammar and meaning are closely related. Grammar becomes a study of how meanings are built up through the use of words when language acts are performed as the expression of meaning. The way how language works involves the idea that a language consists of a set of systems, each of which offers the speakers ( or writer ) a choice of ways expressing meanings because the forms of the language that is used by a speaker represents meanings.

In using language to express meaning, a speaker has a linguistic choice that allows him/her to change the order of groups of words or in other words, the speaker is given allowance to use many ways of language use, for example: whwn a speaker intents to know the time, she/he may use his/her own expressions the language offers such as:

(1) What’s the time? (2) What time is it, please?

(3) Would you mind telling the time, please? (4) Tell me the time, please

(5) I’d like to know the time.

Those are different form of expressions. The first and second one are interrogative forms, the third is requesting form. The fourth one is imperative form while the last one is declarative form.

Most of linguistics choices a speaker makes are unconscious. He/she never makes a conscious choice among the available language forms. He/she had chosen the best form to express or to convey the meaning.

It is clear that grammar and meaning (semantic) are related each other either in spoken or written language. SFLT believes that such a kind of relation is one of realization. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of texts can help us to find out why some texts are more effective than other texts at communicating information. Text analysis is advantageous in giving us a better understanding of the nature of language use in English in many fields.

SFLT puts a great interest in the relation between language and context. If a text can be understood by the speakers or writers, there is a great deal about the context in which the text occurs can be revealed. Therefore, SFLT has been described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores how people use language in different context, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system.

2.1.3 Metafunctions of Language

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional. In general, metafunctions of language is major function of language to give the message which has good formulation. Metafunctions of language consist of three major functional components, they are : The Ideational Function, The Interpersonal Function, and The Textual Function.

2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function

The ideational function relates to the inner and outer worlds of reality, it is “language about something”. According to Halliday (1978: 112), whenever one reflects on the external world of phenomena or the internal world of one’s consciousness, the representation of that reflection would take the form of ‘content’. This form of content is called the experiential meaning.

i. Experiential Meaning

Focusing the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is as representation of experience of both external realities (i.e. reality outside oneself) and internal reality (reality inside oneself). The experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized by the transitivity system of language. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one’s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and relations.

The what-is-going-on process falls into various processes. Halliday has identified the encoding processes of the realities under discussion, and he has also

linguistically (grammatically) classified the various process types : (1) material, (2) mental, (3) relational, and he classified other processes into three subsidiary process types : (1) behavioral, (2) verbal, and (3) existential (Halliday 1985d, 1994).

2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function

The interpersonal function is an interpretation of language in its function as an exchange, which is a doing function of language; it is concerned with language as an action. This meaning represents the speaker’s meaning potential as an intruder that takes into account the interactive nature of relations between the addresser (speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader).

At the grammatical level of interpretation with respect to the clause function, it is interpreted that the clause is also organized as an interactive event that involves speaker, writer, and audience (listener or reader). Clauses of the interpersonal function as clauses of exchange, which represent speech role relationship. As Halliday (1985d : 68-71) suggests, whenever two people use language to interact, one of the things they do with it is establishing a relationship between them. In this, he sets out two most fundamental types of speech role or function: (1) giving, and (2) demanding (Halliday, 1994: 68-69).

The interpersonal meaning of language (clause) in its function as an exchange, in which clauses of the interpersonal meaning that function as clauses of exchange representing the speech role relationship, is realized by the mood system of language (clause). The mood system of the clause is represented by the mood structured of the clause, which comprises two major elements: (1) mood and (2) residue. A mood element of an English clause typically consists of a subject and a finite, whereas a

residue element of a predicator, one or more complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

An act of speaking is in interact, i.e. an exchange, in which there is something either given, which implies there is something received, or else demanded, which implies there is something given. If not, there is no interaction. In other words, in an interaction involving speaker and listener, the speaker is either giving something, which implies the listener is giving something in response. What is exchange (demanded/given or given/received) is a kind of commodity exchanged falls into two principle types: (1) good & services, and (2) information. These two variables or types of commodity exchanged defined the four primaries speech function of (1) offer, (2) command, (3) statement, and (4) question. For example:

1. May I Help you? (offer) 2. Shut up! (command)

3. John can type 45 words per minute. (statement) 4. When will he join the army? (question)

The interpersonal meaning of the clause can be observed on two levels. On the first level, the speaker/writer as the producer of the clause can speaker or write from a position carrying the authority of a discipline or an institution. In this, the way the interpersonal meaning is delivered is determined by the knowledge or power relationship exiting between the speaker/write and the listener/reader. On the other level, the speaker/writer may choose to communicate with the listener/reader from a positions as a person, with no authority of a discipline, an institution, or the like. For example: The lecturer says, “Submit our homework next Wednesday!” (first level)

2.1.3.3 The Textual Function

The textual function of language is an interpretation of language is its function as a message, which is text forming function of language. This is interpreted as a function that is intrinsic to language itself, but is it at the same time a function that is extrinsic to language, in the sense that it is linked with the situational (contextual) domain in which language (text) is embedded. At the clause level, the textual function is concerned with how inter-clausal elements are organized to form unified whole texts that make meanings. In this, the textual function indicates the way the text is organized or structured.

The textual function of language (clause) in its function as a message is realized by the theme of language (clause). The theme system of the clause is represented by the thematic structure of the clause, which comprises two major elements: (1) theme, and (2) rheme.

In an analysis of a thematic of a thematic structure of a thematic structure of a text, it is possible to examine language in terms of Halliday’s three metafunctions; the textual, and the ideational.

Example :

Right Student Today We Learn grammar

Textual Interpersonal Topical

Theme Rheme

As the above clause represents, the theme choices is the language may be of three kinds: (1) textual, (2) interpersonal, and (3) topical. The topical theme creates the topic that the speaker (we) chooses to make the point of departure of the message. The interpersonal theme occurs at the beginning of a clause whwn a constituent is

assigned a mood label (we as seen in the example). The textual theme gives thematic prominence to the textual elements and has the function of linking one clause or clause element are related to each other as such that they form a unifwhole text within contexts (see right the example). The rheme is learn grammar, which is the part of the message to which the theme is developed.

2.2 TRANSITIVITY PROCESS

Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. When we look at the experiential metafunctions, we are looking at the grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such is:

Who = does = what = to = whom, when, where, why or how function

When people talk about what a word or sentence means, it is kind of meaning they have in mind. Meaning in this sense is related to content or idea. So, here the clause that functions as the representation of processes explores by transitivity system. Transitivity analysis offers a description of one of the structural strands of the clause. Transitivity specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed.

There are three semantic categories which explain in general way. How phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. These are :

The process it self Participants in the process

Circumstances associated with the process

Processes

We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represent through the use of language. Processes are central to transitivity. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what “goings-on” and suggest many different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in varying circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings feeling and beings.

Processes can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process types identified by Halliday:

1). Material doing bodily, physically, materially

2). Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorilly 3). Relational being equal to, or some attribute of

4). Verbal saying lingually, signaling

5). Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically 6). Existential existing there exist

Those kinds of processes are realized by verbs. Traditionally, verbs have been defined as “doing words”. But, as the above list indicates, it is obvious that

Some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having the process types differentiate kinds goings-on, for example:

Diana gave some blood (Material) Diana through she should gave give blood (Mental)

Diana said that giving blood is easy (verbal) Diana dreamt of giving blood (behavioral) There is a reward for giving blood (existential) Diana is a blood donor (relational)

The process type system is what underlies the differences between those kinds of paradigm. Furthermore, in analyzing transitivity structure in a clause, we have to be concern with describing three aspects of the clause:

1. the selection of process: the process choice will be realized in the verbal group of the clause:

Last year Diana gave blood.

2. the selection or participants: participants will be realized in the nominal groups:

Last year Diana gave blood

3. The selection of circumstances: circumstantial meanings which are expressed through adverbial group or prepositional phrase.

Las year Diana gave blood

the transitivity of a clause is its process type. Each process type has associated with it certain functional participant roles. Any process type can have circumstantial elements in it.

Circumstances

The circumstantial system is what underlies differences between a simple clause, such as Diana gave blood, and an expanded clause such as last ……. Geneva. Diana gave blood voluntarily and without pain with her sister at the clinic. Circumstances answer such question as when, where, why, how….. many and as what. They represent meanings about:

Time(temporal) : tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? E.g. : he goes to theater every Saturday night

Place (spatial) : tells where and is probed by where? How far? E. g : he goes to theater every Saturday night.

Manner : tells how

- Means : tells by what means and is probed by what with? E.g.: he goes there by bus

- Quality :tells how and is probed by how?

E.g.: he loved his girl truly, madly, deeply. - Comparison : tells like what and is probed by what like?

E.g.: he was jumping around like a monkey on a zoo

Cause : why

- Reason : tells what causes the process and is probed by why? Or how? E.g. : the sheep died of thirst.

- Purpose : tells the purpose and is probed by what for E.g. : he want to the shop for cigarettes

Accompaniment : tells with (out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?

e. g : I left work without my briefcase.

Matter : tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by what about ?

e.g.: this movie is talking about friendship.

Role : tells what as and is probed by as what ? e.g.: he lived a quiet life as a beekeeper.

Various circumstances are involved in the clauses and associated with the process which are going to be realized through transitivity system.

2.2.1 Material Process

Material process is process doing, that some entity does something and undertakes some action which may be done to some other entity. Clauses with a material process obligatorily have a doing (process) and a does (participant). Actions involve actors of participants.

The dog Barked

participant process

The fuel Ignites

participant process

The entity who or which does something is the Actor.

There optionally is an entity to which the process is extended or directed this entity which may be done to is Goal. Because some processes also have a second participant for example:

The dog Barked The stranger

participant process participant

As an Actor as a Goal The police arrested arrested

participant process participant

The term “ Goal” implies meaning of “directed at”. Goal is that participant at whom the process is directed or to whom the action is extended. Another term that has been used for this function is patient which means one that suffers or undergoes the process. Nevertheless, the writer will keep familiar term goal in the present analysis. The Goal is most like the traditional direct object which is known as transitive verb may take.

There are two variables of material processes: 1. Creative (a ‘bringing about’)

2. Dispositive (a ‘doing to’)

In the creative type of material process, the Goal brought about by the process: Frederick Douglas Wrote A narrative story

actor material Process goal

In dispositive type, we have doings and happenings. He Dismissed The secretary

actor material process goal

Material process reflects a ‘doing to’ action The gun Discharged

actor material Material process reflects a happening.

2.2.2 Mental Process

Mental process is process of sensing: feeling, thinking, perceiving. Some processes involve not material action but phenomena described as states of mind or psychological event. People are not always talking about concrete process if doing. They very often t5alk not about what they are doing, but about what they think or feel. Halliday calls processes which encode meaning of thinking or feeling as mental processes. These processes tend to be realized through the use of verbs like think, believe, understand, know, feel, smell, hear, see, want, like, please, admire, repel, enjoy, fear, frighten.

There are three types of mental process:

1. Affective or reactive (feeling) → which is recognized through the use of verbs of liking. Fearing.

2. Cognitive (thinking) → which is recognized through the use of verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding.

3. Perceptive (perceiving through the five senses) → which is recognized through the use of verbs of seeing, hearing.

Mental process is mental, covert kinds of goings-on, and the participant involved within it, is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing – having feelings, perceiving or thinking. We can recognize that mental process is different from material process because it no longer makes sense to ask

“what did X do to Y?”

I hate injections What did you do to the injection? I hate it

She believe his excuses What did she do to his excuses? She believed them

With these clauses, it makes more sense to ask: “what do you think or feel oe know about X?”

- what do you think about injections? I hate them

- what did she think about his excuses? She believed them.

What makes mental process looks different from material one is that we probe them differently. That when we probe, we find we are not asking about an action or doing in a tangible, physical sense; but it’s about mental reaction; related to a through, feeling or perception.

The participant role in mental process are “senser” and “phenomena” associated with any mental process. Even if one participant is apparently absent. It will need to be retrieved from the context for the clause to make sense.

She believed → always implies she believed something or someone. One participant in the mental process clause must be a conscious human participant. Because only a conscious human being can perform a mental process this participant is called the senser. The senser who fells, think or perceives.

Must either be human or an anthropomorphized non-human. It must be a conscious being:

She Believed His excuses

senser mental process

I Hate Injections

senser mental process

It is important to consider what label to apply to the second participant in a mental process clause. Halliday labels the second participant as the phenomenon. The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, through or seen by the conscious sense:

She Believed His excuses

senser mental process phenomenon

Do You Want More soup?

senser mental process phenomenon

Halliday also identifies two types of embedded phenomena: Acts and Facts.

1. Phenomenon: Acts

Acts occur with mental processes of perception: seeing, hearing, noticing etc. an act is realized by an imperfective non-finite clause acting as if it were a simple noun.

I saw the operation taking place

senser mental Process phenomenon: Fact

2. Phenomenon: Fact

A fact is an embedded clause is, usually finite and usually finite and usually introduced by a “that”, functioning as if it were a simple noun.

She didn’t realize that is was a bomb

2.2.3 Relational Process

Relational process involves states of being, including having. Relational process is typically realized by he verb be or some verb of the same class (known as Copular verbs): for example, appear, become, seem or sometimes by verb such as have, own, process. Relational process can be classified according to whether is being used to identify something or to assign quality to something.

Process which establish an identity is called Identifying Process while process which assign a quality is called Attributive Process. Each has its own characteristic participant roles.

1. Identifying Process

An identifying clause is not about ascribing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an iudentifying intensive is that “X serves to define the identity of Y”. in this process, the participant roles are token and value.

You are the tallest one here

token identifying process value

You is identified as the “holder” or “occupant” of the identity or laber of the the tallest one.

Grammatically, the defining involves two participants: a. Token → which stands for what is being defined b. Value → which defines

All identifying clauses are reversible, they can form passives The tallest one here is you

The reversibility of identifying clauses raises the question of determining which “side” of the clause is the token, and which one is the value. This can be determined both semantically and grammatically.

Halliday (1985:115) points out that semantically, the token will be a “sign”. Name, form, holder or occupant of a value which gives the “meaning referent, function, status or role” of the token. While, the token is the nominal group which contains the “name” which gives the classification.

- Token will always be subject in an active clause - Value will always be subject in a passive clause.

2. Attributive process

In the attributive sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive ephitet (Attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier) which is realized by a noun or nominal group. Attribute is a quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier (means that “X carries the attribute a”) while carrier ( means “X is a member of the class a”).

You are very tall

token identifying process value

I won’t be a liar

carrier attributive attribute

She is a talkative person

On the contrary to identifying clauses, the essential characteristic of the attributive clauses is that they are not reversible. In the other words, there is no passive form of the clause: the subject can never conflate with the role of attribute, but it will always conflate with the role of carrier.

Relational process can be further sub-classified according to whether they are: intensive (quality), possessive and circumstantial.

The option available of relational process can be shown as the following : Attributive: carrier, attribute

Identifying: token, value

RELATIONAL

PROCESSES

Intensive Possessive Circumstantial

2.2.4Verbal Process

Verbal process is process of saying or of symbolically signaling. A verbal process typically three participants.

- Sayer - Receiver - Verbiage

The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal source. Does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is). But anything capable of putting out signal.

The receiver is the one whom the verbal process is directed. Or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed.

The verbiage is nominalzed statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for the verbalization itself.

(statement, answer, questions, story).

I asked my teacher a question sayer verbal receiver verbiage

(Human Participant)

She told me a rude joke sayer verbal receiver verbiage

(Human Participant)

The sayer (signal source) needs not to be a conscious being.

The sign Says “no smoking”

the sayer verbal

The alarm clock Screamed

the sayer verbal

(Signal Participant)

Here are some examples of verbal processes in the list below. Some of them are used only for reporting and others for both reporting and quoting.

Reporting Quoting

Hypothesize, deny, insinuate say, tell, remark, observe, point out, report, ask Remind, claim, make out announce, shout, cry, demand, reply, interrupt Pretend. explain, protest, warn, insist, inquire

Direct/ quoted speech.

I said “Can you avoid the scar tissue?” sayer verbal

Indirect/ reported speech

I asked Them To avoid the scar tissue sayer verbal receiver

Direct/ quoted speech

he said/ commanded “Carry the bag” sayer verbal

Indirect/ reported

He said/ commanded Her To carry the bag sayer verbal receiver

2.2.5 Behavioral Process

Behavioral process is process of physiological and psychological behavioral, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching, and pondering.

Halliday describes the process semantically as a “half way hour” between mental and material process. It means that. The meanings they realized are midway between materials on the one hand and metals on the other. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by conscious being.

There is one obligatory participant: the behaver, and is typically a conscious being (like a senser in the mental process clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such as:

She lives in a big city

behaver behavioral Process Circumstance: Place

Behavioral process often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and clause.

He coughed loudly

behaver behavioral Process Circumstance: manner

Behavioral process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior. He smiled a broad smile

2.2.6Existential Process

Existential process is process of existence. It represents that something exists or happens. It also represent5 experience by positing that “ there was / is something”.

There is a gateway in the garden

Existential Process Existent Circumstance: place

There was snow on the roof

existential Process existent circumstance: place

On the wall There hangs a picture of me Circumstantial:

place

existential process

existent

There were two of us

existential Process existent

It is easy to identify a clause contains existential process, as the structure involves the use of the word there. “There” has no representational function, it clause merely because all English clauses require a subject. The word “There” is left unanalyzed for transitivity. Existential process typically employ the verb “be” or synonyms such as exist, arise, occur the only obligatory participant in an existential process is called the existent. This participant which usually follows the “there is/ there are” sequence, may be a phenomenon of any kind and is often in fact an event (nominalized action). Circumstantial elements (particularly of location). Are common in existential process.

2.3 RELEVANCE STUDY

In completing this thesis, I consult some related analysis base on the transitivity system to support my writing. Some of the related research to this thesis are :

1. An Analysis of Transitivity Clause Types in the Headlines of “The Jakarta Post” A Systemic Functional Approach. Written by Indah Fahreni (1999)

In her thesis, she analyzed the transitivity clause based on Systemic Functional Approach in the headlines of The Jakarta Post (edited on april 2003) to find the six types of process as the clause representation which includes Material process, Mental process, Relational process, Verbal process, Behavioral process, and Existential process. In her research, she states that verbal process as the most favorite process used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post.

2 An Analysis of Transitivity Process in Kangguru Radio English Script. Written by Rahma W. Mandasari (2005). In this work, she analyzed the English script of Kangguru radio to find the six types of transitivity process. She concludes that Material process occur predominantly in the broadcasting scripts followed by Relational process, Mental process, Verbal process, Existential process and Behavioral process as the lowest number of all process types.

3 Analysis of Material and Mental Process of Three Selected George W.Bush’s Speeches. Written by Nurul Adi Susanto (2007). In this thesis, he explores the transitivity process which belong to Material and Mental process in George W Bush’s speeches by adopting the Systemic Functional Approach. He found material process as the most dominant process.

While in my thesis, the research is focused on the transitivity process which includes material process, verbal process, relational process, mental process, behavioral process and existential process in the Worldview’s articles of Newsweek. Beside that, I try to find out the most dominant process which characterizes this articles.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research i.e. library research, laboratory, and field research (Bungin, 2005:40-41). In this thesis, I apply the library research method that is by collecting some theories and information about transitivity process from books, thesis, internet and other sources which support the writing.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

According to Arikunto (2006:223-232) there are five kinds of method in collecting data i.e. test, questioner, interview, observation, and documentation method. In this writing, I use the documentation method in collecting data. The data is collected by using purposive sample (Arikunto,2006:139) from Worldview’s articles of Newsweek 2008 written by FAREED ZAKARIA. In this case, I choose article of January 21, February 11, and March 24, 2008 which has the same theme.

3.3 Data Analyzing Method

I analyzed the data by using descriptive method (Arikunto,2006:239) and applying some procedures or steps. Firstly, I divided the text on each articles into clauses. The total number of the clauses in each article became the population and also as the sample in the analysis. Secondly, I identified their process and then classified them into their process. Thirdly, I try to find the most dominant process in those articles.

In order to get the dominant process, I used the following formula (Bungin, 2005 : 171-172)

%

100

x

N

fx

n



where, n = percentage of types

fx = total types frequency of the sub-category N = total types of all categories

For example :

( taken from article of ‘The Wrong Experience’)

She is highly intelligent, has real experience and is an attractive candidate. This sentence consists of three clauses, they are :

1. She is highly intelligent. 2. She has real experience. 3. She is an attractive candidate.

After divided them into clauses, I identified and classified those three clauses into their process.

Example :

She is highly intelligent carrier relational process attribute

She has real experience

She is an attractive candidate carrier relational process attribute

After I had identified and classified them, I try to get what process is the most dominant in those articles by using Bungin’s formula. Finally, I made some conclusion about the research and proposed some suggestion.

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS IN WORLDVIEW’S ARTICLE OF NEWSWEEK

4.1 ANALYSIS THE DATA

4.1.1 Analysis of article “The Wrong Experience”

In article “The Wrong Experience”, it is discovered that the process of Material gained 64 clauses, the process of Mental gained 8 clauses, the process of Relational gained 26 clauses, the process of Behavioral gained 0 clause and the process of existential gained 3 clauses. It can be seen in this following table :

NO PROCESS TYPES TOTAL

1. Material 62

2. Mental 8

3. Relational 25

4. Verbal 4

5. Behavioral __

6. Existential 3

From the findings above, we can conclude this article has the Material process as the most dominant process, and then followed by Relational process, Mental process, Verbal process, Existential process and the last one is Behavioral process.

For more detail explanation, we can see the analysis of transitivity process in the article of “The Wrong Experience” below :

The Wrong Experience

1. The Democratic party's two remaining candidates have become so cordial toward one another

The Democratic party's two remaining candidates

have become so cordial toward one another

actor material goal circumstance

2. that you could easily believe

that you could easily believe

senser mental

3. there are few substantive differences between them

There are few substantive differences between them

existential existent circumstance

4. At last Thursday's debate, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton heartily agreed on most issues

At last Thursday's debate

Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton

heartily agreed on most issues

circumstance actor material goal

5. and added

and added

material

6. that they were having a wonderful time chatting with one another that they were having a wonderful

time chatting

with one another

actor material goal circumstance

7. The Republican race, by contrast, is bubbling over with tensions and personal animosities

The Republican race

by contrast is bubbling over with tensions and personal animosities

actor circumstance material goal

8. Watch any encounter between John McCain and Mitt Romney

Watch any encounter between John McCain and Mitt Romney

mental phenomenon circumstance

9. and you can almost see the smoke

And you can almost see the smoke

senser mental phenomenon

10. steaming out of each one's ears

steaming out of each one’s ears

11. Consider Cuba policy

Consider Cuba plicy

material goal

12 Almost anyone who is being honest

almost anyone who is being honest

carrier relational attribute

13. Anyone will acknowledgement

anyone will acknowledge

actor material

14. that America's approach toward Cuba is brain dead That America's approach toward

Cuba

is brain dead

carrier relational attribute

15. No one even remembers

No one even remembers

senser mental

16. why we've imposed a total embargo on the country

why we have imposed a total embargo on the country

actor material goal circumstance

17. A policy that was put into place at the height of the cold war

A policy that was put into place at the height of the cold war

actor material circumstance

18. when fears of Soviet missiles and communist penetration were at their peak when fears of Soviet missiles and communist

penetration

were at their park

carrier relational attribute

19. fears of Soviet missiles and communist penetration has been maintained even though

fears of Soviet missiles and communist penetration

have been maintained

even though

actor material circumstance

20. The threat prompted it

The threat prompted it

actor material goal

21. The threat has collapsed

The threat has collapsed

22. What exactly are we afraid this moth-eaten island

What exactly are we afraid This moth-eaten island

circumstance relational carrier attribute circumstance

23. We will do to America today

We will do to America today

actor material goal

24. Our policy has the additional burden of having failed, by any measure Our policy has the additional burden of

having failed

by any measure

carrier relational attribute circumstance

25. We've been trying to force regime change in Cuba for 45 years

We have been trying to force regime change in Cuba for 45 years

actor material material goal circumstance

26. Fidel Castro is now the longest-lived head of government in the world

Fidel Castro is now the longest-lived head of government in the world.

token relational value

27. Every tightening of the Cuban embargo has resulted in further repression and isolation

Every tightening of the Cuban embargo

has resulted in further repression and isolation

actor material goal

28. And yet the only changes George W. Bush has made to our Cuba policy And yet the only

changes

George W. Bush has made to our Cuba policy

circumstance actor material goal

29. have been to impose more restrictions on travel and trade, a cruel and futile have been to impose more restrictions on travel and trade, a cruel and futile

material Goal circumstance

30. doubling down on a bad bet

doubling down on a bad bet

material circumstance

31. Obama has advocated easing the Bush

Obama has advocated easing the Bush

actor material Goal

32. imposed ban on Cuban-Americans

imposed ban on Cuban-Americans

33. visiting the island

visiting the island

material goal

34. and sending money to their relatives

and sending money To their relatives

material goal circumstance

35. He makes a broader case for a new Cuba policy

He makes a broader case for a new Cuba policy

actor material goal circumstance

36. He is arguing

He is arguing

actor material

37. that capitalism, trade and travel will help break the regime's stranglehold on the country

That capitalism, trade and travel

Will help break The regime’s stranglehold

on the country

actor material goal circumstance

38. and help open things up

And helps open things up.

material goal

39. Clinton immediately disagreed

Clinton immediately disagreed

actor circumstance material

40. firmly supporting the current policy

firmly supporting the current policy

circumstance material goal

41. This places her in the strange position of arguing

This places her in the strange position of arguing

actor material goal circumstance

42. in effect, that her husband's Cuba policy was not hard-line enough

In effect her husband's Cuba policy was not hard-line enough

carrier relational attribute

43. But this is really not the best way

But this is really not the best way

carrier relational attribute

44. to understand Clinton's position

to understand Clinton’s position

45. In all probability, she actually agrees with Obama's stand

In all probability she actually agrees with Obama's stand

circumstance actor material goal

46. She is just calculating

she is just calculating

actor material

47. that it would anger Cuban-Americans in Florida and New Jersey

that it would anger Cuban-Americans in Florida and New Jersey

actor material goal circumstance

48. This is the problem with Hillary Clinton

This is the problem with Hillary Clinton

carrier relational attribute

49. She is highly intelligent

She is highly intelligent

carrier relational attribute

50. She has real experience

She has real experience

carrier relational attribute

51. She is an attractive candidate

She is an attractive candidate

carrier relational attribute

52. but she is terrified to act on her beliefs

but she is terrified

carrier relational attribute

53. to act on her beliefs

to act on her beliefs

material goal

54. In fact, she seems so conditioned

In fact she seems so conditioned

senser mental phenomenon

55. by what she sees as political constraints

By what she sees as political constraints

senser mental phenomenon

56. that one can barely tell

that one can barely tell

57. where her beliefs begin

where her beliefs begin

actor material

58. and where those constraints end

and where those constraints end

circumstance actor material

59. Partly, this is a generational difference

Partly this is a generational difference

carrier relational attribute

60. Bill and Hillary Clinton grew up in an era of Republican dominance

Bill and Hillary Clinton grew up in an era of Republican dominance

actor material circumstance

61. For much of the last 30 years, the Republican Party has been the party of ideas For much of the last 30

years

the Republican Party has been the party of ideas

circumstance existent existential circumstance

62. A point made repeatedly by Daniel Patrick Moynihan

A point made repeatedly by Daniel Patrick Moynihan

goal material circumstance actor

63. and Ronald Reagan was seen by much of the country

and Ronald Reagan was seen by much of the country

phenomenon mental senser

64. to have rescued America from malaise and retreat

to have rescued America from malaise and retreat

material goal circumstance

65. The Clintons' careers have been shaped by the belief

The Clintons' careers have been shaped by the belief

goal material actor

66. that for a Democrat to succeed

that for a democratic to succeed

actor material

67. He or she had to work within this conservative ideological framework

He or she had to work within this conservative ideological framework

68. Otherwise one would be pilloried for being weak on national security, partial to taxes and big government and out of touch with Middle America's social values otherwise one would be

pilloried

for being weak

on national security, partial to taxes and big government and out

of touch with Middle America’s social values

actor material goal circumstance

69. For 30 years this has been the right bet

For 30 years this has been the right bet

circumstance existential existent

70. it is

it is

carrier relational

71. why Bill Clinton was the only successful national Democratic politician in that period.

why Bill Clinton was the only successful national Democratic politician

In that period

token relational value circumstance

72. But is it still the right wager?

But is it still the right wager ?

relational carrier attribute

73. Obama has grown up in a different landscape-with vastly different geopolitics, economics and culture.

Obama has grown up in a different landscape

with vastly different geopolitics, economics, and culture

actor material goal circumstance

74. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush have been the defining political figures of the recent past

Bill Clinton and George W. Bush

has been the defining

political figures of the recent past

actor material goal

75. Conservatism has lost its monopoly role

Conservatism has lost its monopoly role

actor material goal

76. As a result, the new generation is not defensive about its beliefs

As the result The new generation is not defensive About its belief

77. nor does

nor does

material

78. it feel trapped into the old categories like hawks versus doves and markets versus taxes.

it Feel trapped Into the old categories

like hawks versus doves and markets versus versus taxes

senser mental phenomenon circumstance

79. This is not naivete

This is not naivete

carrier relational attribute

80. Obama's position on Cuba is not all hope

Obama's position on Cuba is not all hope

carrier relational attribute

81. Most of the older generation of Cuban-Americans are hard-line Republicans anyway

Most of the older generation of Cuban-Americans

are hard-line Republicans anyway

token relational value circumstance

82. so it's probably pointless courting them.

so it is probably pointless courting them

actor material goal

83. And the younger ones-under 45 or so-are far less wedded to the punitive approach and symbolic battles of the past

and The younger ones-under 45 or so

are far less wedded to the punitive approach and to symbolic battles of the past

actor material goal

84. So Obama is taking a calculated risk

So Obama Is taking A calculated risk

actor material goal

85. that the time is right

that the time is right

carrier relational attribute

86. Cuba policy is a microcosm for this difference in attitudes

Cuba policy is a microcosm for this difference in attitudes

token relational value circumstance

87. Obama has spoken in favor of a proposal

Obama has spoken in favor of a proposal

88. made by Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, William Perry and Sam Nunn made by Henry Kissinger, George Shultz and William Perry

material actor

89. in order to get the world more serious about nuclear nonproliferation

In order to get The world More serious about nuclear nonproliferation

material goal circumstance

90. The United States should begin to fulfill its end of the treaty

The United States should begin to fulfill its end of the treaty

actor material goal

91. and reduce its own nuclear arsenal

and reduce its own nuclear arsenal

material goal

92. Again, for all I know

Again for all I know

circumstance actor material

93. Hillary Clinton agrees with this approach

Hillary Clinton agrees with this approach

actor material goal

94. But she won't say so

but she won’t say so

sayer verbal phenomenon

95. Her long years of experience-in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s-warn her against such audacity

Her long years of experience-in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s

warn her against such audacity

sayer verbal recipient target

96. But the world has changed so much

but the world has changed so much

Actor material goal

97. The cold war is a distant memory

The cold war is a distant memory

token relational value

98. Capitalism has spread across the world

Capitalism has spread across the world

Actor material goal

99. New threats come not from states but small bands of people

New threats come not from states but small bands of people

100. , unilateralism is discredited

Unilateralism is discredited

goal material

101. that perhaps it is time for America

that perhaps it is Time for America

circumstance carrier Relational attribute

102. to change as well

To change As well

4.1.2 Analysis of article “Stuck in the Iraq Loop”

In article “Stuck in the Iraq Loop”, I found that the process of Material gained 72 clauses, the process of Mental gained 5 clause, the process of Relational gained 13 clauses, the process of Verbal gained 6 clauses, the process of Mental gained 5 clause, the process of Behavioral gained 0 clause, and the process of Existential gained 4 clauses. the process of Behavioral gained 0 clause. It can be seen in this following table :

NO PROCESS TYPES TOTAL

1. Material 70

2. Mental 5

3. Relational 12

4. Verbal 7

5. Behavioral __

6. Existential 3

From the findings above, we can conclude this article has the Material process as the most dominant process, and then followed by Relational process, Verbal process, Mental process, Existential process and the last one is Behavioral process.

For more detail explanation, we can see the analysis of transitivity process in the article of “Stuck in the Iraq Loop” below

Stuck in the Iraq Loop

1. There is a paradox in the current situation in Iraq

there is a paradox in the current situation in Iraq

existential existent circumstance

2. We are told

we are told

recipient verbal

3. that the surge has worked brilliantly

that the surge has worked brilliantly

actor material circumstance

4. and violence is way down

and Violence is way down

Carrier relational attribute

5. And yet the plan to reduce troop levels

And yet the plane to reduce troop levels

Actor material goal

6. which was at the heart of the original surge strategy

which was at the heart of the original surge strategy

relational attribute

7. the plan must be postponed

the plan must be postponed

actor material 8. or all hell will once again break loose

or hell will once again break loose

actor material

9. Making sense of this paradox is critical

Making sense of this paradox Is critical

Carrier relational attribute

10. Because in certain crucial ways things are not improving in Iraq

Because in certain crucial ways things are no improving In Iraq

Actor material circumstance

11. and unless they start improving soon

And unless They start improving soon

APENDICES

I. ARTICLE 1

THE WRONG EXPERIENCE

By Fareed Zakaria ( February 11, 2008 )

The Democratic party's two remaining candidates have become so cordial toward one another that you could easily believe there are few substantive differences between them. At last Thursday's debate, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton heartily agreed on most issues and added that they were having a wonderful time chatting with one another. The Republican race, by contrast, is bubbling over with tensions and personal animosities. Watch any encounter between John McCain and Mitt Romney and you can almost see the smoke steaming out of each one's ears.

Consider Cuba policy. Almost anyone who is being honest will acknowledge that America's approach toward Cuba is brain dead. No one even remembers why we've imposed a total embargo on the country. A policy that was put into place at the height of the cold war, when fears of Soviet missiles and communist penetration were at their peak, has been maintained even though the threat that prompted it has collapsed. What exactly are we afraid this moth-eaten island will do to America today?

Our policy has the additional burden of having failed, by any measure. We've been trying to force regime change in Cuba for 45 years. Instead Fidel Castro is now the longest-lived head of government in the world. Every tightening of the Cuban embargo has resulted in further repression and isolation. And yet the only changes George W. Bush has made to our Cuba policy have been to impose more restrictions on travel and trade, a cruel and futile doubling down on a bad bet.

Obama has advocated easing the Bush-imposed ban on Cuban-Americans visiting the island and sending money to their relatives. He makes a broader case for a new Cuba policy, arguing that capitalism, trade and travel will help break the regime's stranglehold on the country and help open things up.

Clinton immediately disagreed, firmly supporting the current policy. This places her in the strange position of arguing, in effect, that her husband's Cuba policy was not hard-line enough. But this is really not the best way to understand Clinton's position. In all probability, she actually agrees with Obama's stand. She is just calculating that it would anger Cuban-Americans in Florida and New Jersey.

This is the problem with Hillary Clinton. She is highly intelligent, has real experience and is an attractive candidate. But she is terrified to act on her beliefs. In fact, she seems so conditioned by what she sees as political constraints that one can barely tell where her beliefs begin and where those constraints end.

Partly, this is a generational difference. Bill and Hillary Clinton grew up in an era of Republican dominance. For much of the last 30 years,the Republican Party has been the party of ideas (a point made repeatedly by Daniel Patrick Moynihan), and Ronald

succeed, he or she had to work within this conservative ideological framework. Otherwise one would be pilloried for being weak on national security, partial to taxes and big government and out of touch with Middle America's social values.

For 30 years this has been the right bet. It's why Bill Clinton was the only successful national Democratic politician in that period. But is it still the right wager? Obama has grown up in a different landscape-with vastly different geopolitics, economics and culture. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush have been the defining political figures of the recent past. Conservatism has lost its monopoly role. As a result, the new generation is not defensive about its beliefs, nor does it feel trapped into the old categories like hawks versus doves and markets versus taxes.

This is not naivete. Obama's position on Cuba is not all hope. Most of the older generation of Cuban-Americans are hard-line Republicans anyway, so it's probably pointless courting them. And the younger ones-under 45 or so-are far less wedded to the punitive approach and symbolic battles of the past. So Obama is taking a calculated risk that the time is right.

Cuba policy is a microcosm for this difference in attitudes. Obama has spoken in favor of a proposal-made by Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, William Perry and Sam Nunn-that in order to get the world more serious about nuclear nonproliferation, the United States should begin to fulfill its end of the treaty and reduce its own nuclear arsenal. Again, for all I know, Hillary Clinton agrees with this approach. But she won't say so. Her long years of experience-in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s-warn her against such audacity. But the world has changed so much-the cold war is a distant memory, capitalism has spread across the world, new threats come not from states but small bands of people, unilateralism is discredited-that perhaps it is time for America to change as well.

ARTICLE 2

Stuck in the Iraq Loop

By Fareed Zakaria ( March 24, 2008)

There is a paradox in the current situation in Iraq. We are told that the surge has worked brilliantly and violence is way down. And yet the plan to reduce troop levels—which was at the heart of the original surge strategy—must be postponed or all hell will once again break loose. Making sense of this paradox is critical. Because in certain crucial ways things are not improving in Iraq, and unless they start improving soon, the United States faces the awful prospect of an unending peacekeeping operation—with continuing if limited casualties—for years to come. In a brilliant and much-circulated essay written in August 2007, "Anatomy of a Tribal Revolt," David Kilcullen, a veteran Australian officer who advised Gen. David Petraeus during the early days of the surge, wrote, "Our dilemma in Iraq is, and always has been, finding a way to create a sustainable security architecture that does not require 'Coalition-in-the-loop,' thereby allowing Iraq to stabilize and the Coalition to disengage in favorable circumstances." We have achieved some security in Iraq, though even this should not be overstated. (Violence is still at 2005 levels, which were pretty gruesome.) But we have not built a sustainable security architecture. How does one create a self-sustaining process that leads to stability? Do we need more troops? Longer rotations? Kilcullen points in a different direction: "Taking the Coalition out of the loop and into 'overwatch' requires balancing competing armed interest groups at the national and local level." In other words, we need to help forge a political bargain by which Iraq's various groups agree to live together and not dominate one another. "These [groups] are currently not in balance," Kilcullen wrote, "due in part to the sectarian biases of certain players and institutions of the new Iraqi state, which promotes a belief by Sunnis that they will be the permanent victims of the new Iraq. This belief creates space for terrorist groups, including Al Qaeda in Iraq, and these groups in turn drive a cycle of violence that keeps Iraq unstable and prevents us from disengaging."

Watching the recent spike in suicide bombings, one has to wonder if we are watching precisely that cycle start up again. The sectarian tensions in Iraq have not improved much. The Sunni militias—who switched sides over the past six months—have developed some trust for the United States but little for the Iraqi Army. Reports suggest that as the Iraqi Army gets stronger and better trained, and gets more expensive weapons—none of which are shared with the Sunnis—the latter are becoming more worried that they have made a bad decision. In the crucial province of Diyala last week, thousands of members of "Concerned Local Citizens" groups (CLCs) stopped working in protest over the sectarian activities of the local police force and its chief. U.S. officers have kept promising that a significant number of CLC members would be given jobs in the regular Army and police. That does not appear to be happening anywhere near as fast as it should. At the same time, the new provincial elections that Sunnis and many Shiite groups have demanded for years have once again been delayed. Maj. Gen. John Kelly, commander of U.S. forces in

There has been some positive news reported in the past few weeks. On closer examination, it is more hype than reality. Two of the laws passed, one reversing de-Baathification and the other offering a limited amnesty to former insurgents, have been worded in such a way that much will depend on how they are implemented—by the Shiite government. The reason these assurances were written into law in binding terms was, of course, that Sunnis place so little trust in the good will and fairness of that government. When Baghdad promises to administer oil revenue wisely and fairly, though there is no law telling it precisely what to do, its claims are met with mistrust and unease by the Sunnis and the Kurds.

A Pentagon report to Congress last week admitted that "all four components of the hydrocarbon law are stalled." The law on provincial elections passed but was then vetoed by the presidency council, specifically by Shiite Vice President Adel Abdel Mehdi, whose party now runs most of southern Iraq and does not wish to take its chances in new elections. And it's worth noting that the laws that passed did so only after months of intense wrangling, which produced an 82-82 tie that was broken by the Sunni speaker of Parliament, Mahmoud al-Mashhadani. Finally, all these measures I've mentioned add up to only three or four of the 18 benchmarks set out by the Maliki government and the Bush administration to judge their own progress. It's possible that the uptick in violence, the tensions in Diyala and other such signs are just twists and turns in Iraq's troubled path. That is probably the way they will be read in the current atmosphere of self-congratulation in Washington. But they might also be signs that the architects of the surge—chiefly General Petraeus—were right all along when they said that the purpose of the military deployment was to buy time for Iraqis to make political progress. One year into the surge, five years into the war, those metrics have not improved. That's why American troops remain stuck "in the loop" in Iraq.

ARTICLE 3

Don't Feed China's Nationalism

By Fareed Zakaria ( April 21, 2008 )

At first glance, China's recent crackdown in Tibet looks like a familiar storyline: a dictatorship represses its people. And of course that's part of the reality—as it often is in China. But on this issue, the communist regime is not in opposition to its people. The vast majority of Chinese have little sympathy for the Tibetan cause. To the extent that we can gauge public opinion in China and among its diaspora, ordinary Chinese are, if anything, critical of the Beijing government for being too easy on the Tibetans. The real struggle here is between a nationalist majority and an ethnic and religious minority looking to secure its rights.

In these circumstances, a boycott of the Olympics would have precisely the opposite effect that is intended. The regime in Beijing would become only more defensive and stubborn. The Chinese people would rally around the flag and see the West as trying to humiliate China in its first international moment of glory. (There are many suspicions that the United States cannot abide the prospect of a rising China.) For most Chinese, the Games are about the world's giving China respect, rather than bolstering the Communist Party's legitimacy.

For leaders to boycott the Games' opening ceremonies alone is an odd idea. Is the president of the United States supposed to travel to Beijing to attend the women's water-polo finals instead? (Britain's Gordon Brown, for instance, has said he'll attend the closing, but not the opening ceremonies.) Picking who will go to which event is trying to have it both ways, voting for the boycott before you vote against it. Some want to punish China for its association with the Sudanese government, which is perpetrating atrocities in Darfur. But to boycott Beijing's Games because it buys oil from Sudan carries the notion of responsibility too far. After all, the United States has much closer ties to Saudi Arabia, a medieval monarchy that has funded Islamic terror. Should the world boycott America for this relationship?

China's attitude toward Tibet is wrong and cruel, but, alas, not that unusual. Other nations, especially developing countries, have taken tough stands against what they perceive as separatist forces. A flourishing democracy like India has often responded to such movements by imposing martial law and suspending political and civil rights. The Turks for many decades crushed all Kurdish pleas for linguistic and ethnic autonomy. The democratically elected Russian government of Boris Yeltsin responded brutally to Chechen demands. Under Yeltsin and his successor, Vladimir Putin, also elected, the Russian Army killed about 75,000 civilians in Chechnya, and leveled its capital. These actions were enthusiastically supported within Russia. It is particularly strange to see countries that launched no boycotts while Chechnya was being destroyed—and indeed welcomed Russia into the G8—now so outraged about the persecution of minorities. (In comparison, estimates are that over the past 20 years, China has jailed several hundred people in Tibet.)

Chinese government quietly but firmly to engage in serious discussions with the Dalai Lama. Diplomacy can be scoffed at, but every multinational business that has had success in persuading the Chinese government to change course will testify that public humiliation does not work nearly as well on the regime as private pressure. Negotiating with the Dalai Lama is in Beijing's interest as well. It faces a restive population that lives in about 13 percent of the land area of China. Many Tibetans want independence. But the Dalai Lama has repeatedly said that he does not seek independence, only cultural autonomy. Even last week he rejected any boycott of the Olympics and urged his followers to engage in no violent protests whatsoever. If there were ever a leader of a separatist group whom one could negotiate with, he's it. And once the 72-year-old Dalai Lama passes from the scene, Beijing might have to deal with a far more unpredictable and radical Tibetan movement.

So why doesn't the Chinese regime see this? Beijing has a particular problem. Now that communism is dead, the Communist Party sees its legitimacy as linked to its role in promoting and defending Chinese nationalism. It is especially clumsy when it comes to such issues. Clever technocrats though they are, China's communist leaders—mostly engineers—have not had to refine their political skills as they have their economic touch. In the past they have stoked anti-Japanese and anti-American outbursts, only to panic that things were getting out of control and then reverse course. They fear that compromising over Tibet would set a precedent for the unraveling of the Chinese nation. China has grown and shrunk in size over the centuries, and its dynasties have often been judged by their success in preserving the country's geography.

In fact, in almost all cases—Turkey, India—granting autonomy to groups that press for it has in the end produced a more stable and peaceful national climate. But that is a lesson the Chinese government will have to learn for itself; it is unlikely to take instruction from outsiders. Its handling of the protests in Tibet is disgraceful. But humiliating the entire country over it would make matters worse.