8 Mikael needed to improve their paragraph writing skill related to organizing
information. The researcher would help the students to develop their awareness of information organization, so that they were able to structure the paragraphs based
on the patterns of organization.
3. The XA students of SMA Santo Mikael
SMA Santo Mikael is located in Warak, Sleman. One of the classes in SMA Santo Mikael is XA. There were 15 students in XA in academic year
20112012. All of the students found difficulties in organizing information when they wrote a text. Therefore, arranging jumbled paragraphs activity is expected to
help the students develop paragraph writing skill related to the information organization.
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher presented the theoretical description and theoretical framework of this research.
2.1 Theoretical Description
This section will discuss jumbled paragraphs, paragraph writing skill, types of writing process, writing cycle, and the integration between reading and
writing. 2.1.1
Jumbled Paragraphs In this part, the researcher will describe the jumbled paragraphs.
Therefore, this part presents the definition of jumbled paragraphs and the use of arranging jumbled paragraphs in reading.
2.1.1.1 Definition of Jumbled Paragraphs
Kintsch and Yarbrough define jumbled paragraphs as a text whose paragraphs are reordered as cited in Affar et al., 1991, p. 59. The jumbled
paragraphs are created from a well-structured text. The text is reordered, so the readers must arrange the paragraphs into a good text before they read it.
2.1.1.2 The Relation between Arranging Jumbled Paragraphs and Effective
Reading Effective reading helps the students to construct the propositional
meaning, which is how ideas or information are expressed and related to each
10
other Wallace, 2003, p.11. Thus, effective reading should be employed before students write the texts to acquire the knowledge of information organization.
This idea is strengthened by Krashen’s research related to paragraph writing skill in 1999. Krashen concludes that writing skill can be acquired if it is supported by
extensive reading which lets the students build the concept of ideas organization pattern as cited in Hyland, 2003, p. 17.
In order to understand how information and ideas are connected or organized in a text, the students must be encouraged to identify the information
which can be put in each paragraph. Arranging jumbled paragraph activity develops the students’ awareness in information organization. They will identify
the information in each paragraph and try to connect a paragraph to another paragraph by seeing the information relation.
2.1.1.3 The Aspects of Text Analyzed through Arranging Jumbled Paragraphs
In line with effective reading, students should employ top-down processing. Top-down processing requires the students to begin with analyzing
the idea that constructs the text Walvoord, 1985, p. 4. In order to support the analysis, the teacher can use arranging jumbled paragraphs activity. By arranging
the jumbled paragraphs, the students can analyze the elements that construct a good text.
1 Text structure
In order to be effective in producing written texts, the students should employ their reading comprehension related to text structure in writing. A
research by Dickson, Simmons, and Kameenui 1995 states that if students are
11
aware of and strategically use the text organization, they will build better reading comprehension to use in writing a text as cited in Armbruster Osborn, 2002, p.
96. This idea is supported by Nunan who suggests that written text analysis should include organization analysis 2003, p. 94.
2 Genre
Every genre of text has its own text organization, for example narrative text consists of orientation, complication, and resolution, while recount text
consists of orientation, series of events, and reorientation. If the students know the genre of the text they are reading, they know what structure to expect and it will
help them to construct the position of ideas Armbruster Osborn, 2002, p. 96. The students can identify the text genre by seeing the purpose or the topic of the
text. 3
Main idea If students are able to identify the main idea of every paragraph, every
sentence in the paragraph will be easily clicked into place Langan, 1986, p. 319. Even when the paragraphs are reordered, students will be able to rearrange them
to create a well-organized text if they can identify the main idea of every paragraph. By knowing the main idea, students are able to connect one paragraph
to the another paragraph.
2.1.2 Paragraph Writing Skill
This part discusses the paragraph writing skill. The researcher presents the characteristics of a good paragraph and paragraph writing skills.
