CODE SWITCHING USED BY PARTICIPANTS IN NET TVs KELAS INTERNASIONAL.
CODE SWITCHING USED BY PARTICIPANTS
IN NET TV’s KELAS INTERNASIONAL
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
MARIA RIVERA PARASIAN PANJAITAN
Registration Number : 2123220022
:
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Panjaitan, Maria Rivera Parasian. 2016. Code Switching Used by
Participants in NET TV’S Kelas Internasional. A Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
The study was focused on finding out the types and the functions of code
switching used by the participants in their conversations in NET TV’s Kelas
Internasional. The study was carried out by using descriptive qualitative design.
The data of the study were the participants’ conversations contained code
switching in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional, which were extracted from the
transcription of 12 representative episodes into 44 extracts. Two main types of
code switching based on conversational analysis were identified in the participants’
conversations, namely participant related switching and discourse related
switching. Participant related switching as preference-related (34.3%) was found
out as the most occurred type, which implied that the participants in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional relied on code switching tactfully for displaying their
personal language preference and adjusting their language choices to the language
preferred in a certain interaction. Two out of fourteen functions of code switching
was determined as the most practicable functions in the participants’
conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional, namely affective function
(15.5%) and accommodation (13.02%), which implied that code switching was a
very feasible interactional strategy to express and de-/emphasize a set of particular
emotions and to accommodate or to be accommodated by others in the
conversations.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Code Switching, Conversational Analysis, NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to express her thanks to Jesus Christ for
His blessing, love and mercy, and guidance, which have been given to the writer
in the process of completing this thesis. This thesis is done to fulfil one of the
requirements to obtain the S-1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in
Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan. In completing this
thesis, the writer has received a lot of help from many people. Thus the writer
would like to express her gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean Faculty of Languages and Arts.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature
Department.
4. Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department,
and also her first thesis advisor, for the advice and guidance in supervising
the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis.
5. Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum, the Head of English and Literature
Program, and also her second thesis advisor, for the advice and guidance
in supervising the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis
6. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, her Examiner, for the suggestion
and correction.
7. Johannes Jefria Gultom, S.Pd., M.Hum, her Examiner, for the
suggestion and correction.
8. Marisi Debora, S.Pd., M.Hum, her Academic Advisor, for the guidance
during the academic years.
9. All the lecturers during the academic years, for their valuable lessons and
guidance.
ii
10. Euis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd, the English Department administrator, for
her help to render all the academic administrations.
11. Her late grandma, Tiarma Pandiangan, for her insatiable love, care,
support and prayer, and her late aunty, Rita Simanjuntak, for her
inspirational power in the ‘tough war’ fighting cancer.
12. Her joheun eomma and lovely auntie, Rotua and Sinta Simanjuntak, who
gave her a lot of advice and support emotionally and financially.
13. Her dearest companions in ELITE A and B 2012, for all beautiful
moments they shared together during the academic years in the English
Department.
14. Her precious boosters, the Jaerink Gank members, Ayupe, Betik, Upim,
Gerez, Zuzu, Pian, Ricky, Ronald, Jali, and her meotjin chingudeul, Mia,
Anggik, Muteh, Chai, Serleh, Mabet, Elsa, Gunuk, for their laugh, love,
and support.
15. Her elysian nefelibatas, Chan Yeol, Baek Hyeon, Jong Dae, Kris Wu,
D.O, Ravi, and Leo, for their gorgeous and inspirational works and
thoughts.
Lastly, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect and still needs some
improvement. Hence, the writer would like to have the readers’ implicative
suggestions for making this thesis more dependable afterward.
Medan, July 2016
The writer,
Maria Rivera Parasian P.
Reg. No. 2123220022
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT…………….………………………………………………….
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….
iv
TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS……………………………...…….
vi
LIST OF TABLES……….……………………………………………….
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES……….………………………………………….
ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................
1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................
1
B. The Problem of Study ....................................................................
5
C. The Objective of Study ..................................................................
5
D. The Scope of Study .......................................................................
6
E. The Significance of Study .............................................................
6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURES .........................................
7
A. Theoretical Framework..................................................................
7
1. Sociolinguistics .......................................................................
7
a. Bilingualism and Multilingualism ....................................
8
b. Language Alternation .......................................................
9
1) Code Mixing ..................................................................
9
2) Code Switching .............................................................
11
a) Factors of Code Switching .......................................
12
b) Functions of Code Switching ..................................
12
3) Interference....................................................................
19
4) Borrowing .....................................................................
21
2. Code Switching based on Conversational Analysis (CA) .......
22
a. Discourse-related switching ..............................................
24
b. Participant-related switching .............................................
26
3. Mass Media..............................................................................
27
a. Television ...........................................................................
28
b. NET TV .............................................................................
29
c. Kelas Internasional.............................................................
30
iv
B. Relevant Studies ...........................................................................
32
C. Conceptual Framework..................................................................
35
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................
37
A. The Research Design .....................................................................
37
B. The Data and the Source of the Data .............................................
37
C. The Method of Collecting Data .....................................................
38
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data ...............................................
38
CHAPTER IV. THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS ...................
40
A. The Data..........................................................................................
40
B. The Data Analysis...........................................................................
41
1. Code Switching types based on Conversational Analysis (CA)
in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas
Internasional............................................................................
41
a. Participant-related ..............................................................
42
1) Preference-related ..........................................................
43
2) Competence-related .......................................................
46
b. Discourse-related ...............................................................
49
1) Turn-taking .....................................................................
49
2) Preference organization .................................................
52
3) Repair .............................................................................
54
4) Contextualizing side sequence .......................................
57
2. The functions of Code Switching in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional ...............................
59
C. The Research Findings .....................................................................
61
D. Discussion .......................................................................................
63
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..........................
69
A. Conclusions ...................................................................................
69
B. Suggestions ..................................................................................
70
REFERENCES ……….………………………………………………….
71
APPENDIX ...………….………………………………………………….
75
v
TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS
In the transcription of this study, there are some conventions used to
elaborate the analysis in the extracts. The transcription format in the study follows
the conventions presented in Sum (2005) with a few additions.
Features
1. Prosodic Cues
- Open square
bracket
- Latching
-Cut
-Tiny gap
Symbol
[
=
(.)
-Underlined word
word
-Prolongation
-Falling intonation
-Rising intonation
-Intonation
continuity
-Impediment
::
.
?
,
-Bracketed word
()
(word)
-Double empty
((
))
brackets
-Paralinguistic
(=! Text)
material
2. Written typification
-Number
1, 2, 3…
-Italicization
italic
-Normal font
-Bold
3. Languages
-English
-Hindi
-Hausa
-Indonesian
Normal
Bold
E
H
Hs
I
Explanation
for showing the point of overlap of simultaneous
utterances
describes there is no gap between ‘end’ of one and
‘start’ of another piece of talk
describes a cut off prior sound
describes the gap occurring between utterances. The
number of dots indicates relative length of the gap.
describes stress from the speaker (volume or
intonation)
describes prolongation of sound (syllable/ word)
shows a decrease of stress in intonation
indicates an increase of stress in intonation
describes a continuance of an utterance
explains the transcriber inability to hear what was
said
explains the transcriber’s guess at an unclear
utterance
explains transcriber’s descriptions additional to
transcription
describes some paralinguistic material coughing,
laughing, whispering, etc.
describes each participant’s utterance per line in an
extract
describes foreign languages such as Korean,
Japanese, Spanish, Mandarin, Hausa, English.
describes Indonesian
describes English and code switched utterances
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
vi
-Japanese
-Korean
-Mandarin
-Spanish
4. Participants
-Abas
-Bianca
-Budi
-Carlos
-Chongli
-Daniel King
-Kotaro
-Kantini
-Lee
-Lingling
-Mary Jane
-Nicole
-Rika
-Sueb
-Yoora
J
K
M
S
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
A
B
Bd
C
Cl
DK
K
Kt
L
LL
MJ
N
R
Sb
Y
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2
The list of characters in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional……….. 31
Table 4.1 The list of episodes of NET TV’s Kelas International…………. 40
Table 4.2 The total number and percentage of code switching types based
on Conversational Analysis (CA)……………...……………....
41
Table 4.3 The total number and percentage of the functions of Code
Switching in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional…………………..……...……………......
viii
60
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX 1. Appendix Analysis………………………………………
75
APPENDIX 2. The transcription of participants’ conversations in NET
TV’s “Kelas Internasional” ……………………………
ix
119
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Interaction today is not restricted to be performed only with those who
share similar linguistic grounds since a great majority of people has been exposed
to various languages as it can be seen in many countries such as America, Canada,
Singapore, and India. As it is known speakers who use two or more languages
alternately and are able to produce meaningful utterances in other languages
usually called as bi-/multilingual (Weinreich, 1970 in Umar, 2011: 23).
It can be noticed most bi-/multilingual change their speaking strategy
when they are with monolinguals or bilinguals by de-/activating languages. This
happens because speakers have been required to be able to adjust themselves in
any medium of talk, be it monolingual, which requires the talk only conducted in
one language, or bilingual, which demands talk to be carried out in two languages
(Gafaranga, 2012:506). Although speakers might not have equal competence in
two languages, they still incline to use elements from other languages in their
utterances. And the inclination to use two languages in daily interaction is better
known as language alternation (Backus, 2005).
Language alternation exists in every country, in all classes of society and
at all age levels (Grosjean, 1982 in Iqbal, 2011:188). Various kinds of language
alternation such as code switching or mixing, interference, and borrowing are
obviously recognized in any discourse. It is normal for bi-/multilingual to change
1
2
their languages for different interlocutors and domains, since different aspects of
life require different languages (Grosjean, 2015:574).
It is indisputable every country has been experiencing language
alternation, including Indonesia, which is known as a multi-ethnic country
consisting of a set of huge various cultures and vernaculars. This can be
recognized by acknowledging the presence of foreigners from various countries
residing in Indonesia for various reasons such as conducting educational program,
migration, and international partnership. Rapid globalization and abrupt presence
of foreigners have encouraged people to learn other languages through education
for better communication. Education is an influential factor in intensifying
language alternation, especially code switching. It is the best way to acquire
second language since it is perceived that schooling had a strong impact on
individuals’ language skills and perceptions of the languages spoken in the
environment (Ghimenton, 2015:124).
Many educational institutions gradually arrange bilingual-oriented classes
which induce language alternation in the process of learning second language. As
proved by some studies on bilingual classroom done by scholars (Pollard, 2002;
Bista, 2010; Gulzar, 2010; Lee, 2010), code switching was a very crucial strategy
in second language learning process since it served many significant functions.
In Indonesia, the desire to acquire more languages through education is not
realized by Indonesian only, but also by foreigners. The foreigners in Indonesia
notice that relying on English only is not very effective since there are still a lot of
Indonesians do not completely or frequently use it. They acknowledge that being
able to use Indonesian in daily interaction can give them a lot of communication
3
benefits. That is why, today, there are a few international schools in Indonesia
assigned for foreigners. And surprisingly, this fact encourages a private television
(TV) in Indonesia to use it as the concept of a new situational comedy (sitcom)
program.
As one of the most influential media in dispersing information and issues
audio-visually, TV becomes the most effective media to compound language
alternation. It can be clearly discerned, the use of language alternation particularly
code switching on TV is irresistible. There are plenty of TV programs depicting
code switching, such as talk shows, news, movies, and music shows. Still, there
are not so many sitcoms specifically depicting code switching used by foreigners
in Indonesia.
Inspired by the recognition of intense code switching occurrence on TV
and the recent production of a school-setting sitcom in an Indonesian television
named NET TV, this study is purposed to analyze language alternation in a sitcom
called Kelas Internasional. Kelas Internasional starts broadcasting since June
2015 and has been gaining viewers’ attention up to now in Indonesia. It describes
the ways of foreign students from different countries such as Australia, Korea,
Japan, China, Colombia, and America, interact with the others inside and outside
the classroom by alternating languages in Indonesia. Obviously, they do not
merely switch languages for communicating, but also for conveying other
purposes that encouraged by many factors as described in short conversation
below.
4
Abas: Selamat jalan, sahabat
Goodbye, friend
Lingling: Lee, Lingling pasti lindu.
Lee: Bye bye...(picking up a phone call)
Yobeoseo, ye abeoji? Jinjjayo? Jinjja hanguk
angadudwaeyo? Aresseo arasseo, gomawoyo
abeoji!
Lee: Abeojiga geureunde na hanguk ga
angadonende eoh. Na irheul ga junbi geuttae
Indonesia
gyeseok
isseojunende.
Seonsaengnim.. nideul wae anjoaeyo jigeum?
Hanguk angasseo joahaji hanguk ga
anganeunde!
Mr.Budi: Lee, kamu ngomong apa?
Lee: Oh maapheu...saya tidak jadi pulang ke
Korea!
Lee, I will miss you
Bye bye..Hello, yes dad? Really? It is okay
if I don’t go back to Korea? Okay, okay,
thank you dad!
my dad permits me. I shouldn’t be back to
Korea. ‘Till I’m ready to work, I can stay in
Indonesia. Teacher…now why do you all
seem not happy? I can stay here, you all
must be happy! I I can stay here!
Lee, what are you saying?
Oh, I’m sorry… I said I wouldn’t be back to
Korea!
(Episode 83 of Kelas Internasional- Kelas Wanted)
This conversation took place in corridor. A Korean student named Lee was
asked by his father to return to South Korea. Grudgingly, Lee obeyed his father’s
order. When he was going to say goodbye to his teacher and friends, his father
called him and said that he could stay in Indonesia. Lee excitedly told his friends
about the good news. But because of his excitement, he forgot to speak in
Indonesia and kept talking in Korean. It was obvious that switches done by Lee
were encouraged by the existence of other participants and emotional feeling. It
could be noticed Lee switched into Korean when he talked with his father over the
phone to describe their solidarity and to express his contentment for not returning
back to Korea. And then, Lee switched his Korean into Indonesian again when he
noticed that everyone could not understand what he said. In this conversation, it
could be identified that there were some functions carried by Lee’s switches such
as accommodation, solidarity marker, and affective function.
Code switching in sitcom was elicited to be studied considering the fact
there was not a lot of code switching studies using school-setting sitcom as a
5
source of research data. Most previous studies sought the sources of the data from
novels, talk shows, lyrics, or ads. Moreover, this sitcom depicted various
languages use. When other sources of data only provided two languages switch,
let say Indonesian-English, this sitcom served more variety of language switches
such as English-Indonesia, Korean-Indonesian, Japanese-Indonesian, MandarinIndonesian, Spanish-Indonesian. That was why, a study on code switching using
school-setting sitcom was relatively fresh since there were not many similar
programs in Indonesia.
To sum up, this study was aimed to find out the code switching employed
by the participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional and to reveal the ground of
code switching occurrence in participants’ utterances in conversations in order to
comprehend code switching, especially in humorous academic setting which was
apparently depicted in Kelas Internasional.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study were described as follows:
1) What types of code switching based on conversational analysis (CA) were
frequently used by participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional?
2) What functions of code switching did encourage the participants in NET
TV’s
Kelas
Internasional
to
employ
code
switching
in
their
conversations?
C. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study were described as follows:
1) To identify the types of code switching based on conversational analysis
that used frequently by participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
6
2) To explain the functions encouraged code switching occurrence in the
utterances of participants’ of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
D. The Scope of the Study
This study was limited on finding the language alternation, specifically
code switching, in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional. In this study, the analysis of
language alternation was focused only on switched utterances done by some
prominent participants of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
E. The Significances of the Study
This study was expected to be useful theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, this study was purposed to provide knowledge and
understanding of sociolinguistics, especially code switching, for
readers and English Department students. It was expected to give
explanation on how to analyse code-switching, in speakers’ utterances.
2.
Practically, this study was expected to be useful as additional
reference for other researchers who would like to conduct similar
research. It was also aimed at evoking readers/ students’ interest in
understanding language alternation, especially code switching, which
was vividly portrayed in many TV programs in Indonesia nowadays.
Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analysing the data, the conclusions are presented as the following:
1. The most frequently occurred CS type in the conversations of the
participants of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional was participant-related CS
as preference-related with 35 frequencies (34.3%). Participant related CS
as preference-related as the most frequently occurred type in the
participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional described
that CS was the most practicable and effective interactional strategy to
maintain a conversation and to meet the participants and the surroundings’
language preferences, especially in bilingual environment.
2. There were 14 functions inducing CS to be used which identified in the
participants’ conversation in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional such as
accommodation, affective function, interjection, reiteration, addressee
specification, reinforcement of refusal, attention attracter, solidarity
expression, other participants exclusion/ inclusion, substitution, referential
function, habitual expression, vehemence, and prestige marker. It was
found out that, affective with 25 frequencies (15.5%) and accommodation
with 21 frequencies (13.02%), were the most influential functions. These
two functions occurred frequently because the participants in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional substantially employed CS for accommodating other
69
70
participants’ competence, satisfying personal or surroundings language
preference, and expressing a set of certain emotional feelings.
B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, the following are presented as the suggestions
which useful for:
1.
Readers
and
students
of
English
Department,
to
comprehend
sociolinguistics, especially code switching (CS) existing in bilingual
environment, in order to be able to identify the factors encourage bilingual
speakers to switch and the types of CS occurring in discourses. To make a
study on CS more interesting, readers and students of English Department
can observe TV programs which portray the use of CS.
2. For other researchers, who are interested in code switching, to do some
further study on code switching since it is one of the most intense
language issues today that can be found in any medium such as text books,
song lyrics, advertisements, speeches, internet, instructional boards, and
many more. This study can help other researchers to know and grasp how
the two types of CS based on conversational analysis (CA) applied in
bilingual discourses.
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IN NET TV’s KELAS INTERNASIONAL
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
MARIA RIVERA PARASIAN PANJAITAN
Registration Number : 2123220022
:
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Panjaitan, Maria Rivera Parasian. 2016. Code Switching Used by
Participants in NET TV’S Kelas Internasional. A Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
The study was focused on finding out the types and the functions of code
switching used by the participants in their conversations in NET TV’s Kelas
Internasional. The study was carried out by using descriptive qualitative design.
The data of the study were the participants’ conversations contained code
switching in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional, which were extracted from the
transcription of 12 representative episodes into 44 extracts. Two main types of
code switching based on conversational analysis were identified in the participants’
conversations, namely participant related switching and discourse related
switching. Participant related switching as preference-related (34.3%) was found
out as the most occurred type, which implied that the participants in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional relied on code switching tactfully for displaying their
personal language preference and adjusting their language choices to the language
preferred in a certain interaction. Two out of fourteen functions of code switching
was determined as the most practicable functions in the participants’
conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional, namely affective function
(15.5%) and accommodation (13.02%), which implied that code switching was a
very feasible interactional strategy to express and de-/emphasize a set of particular
emotions and to accommodate or to be accommodated by others in the
conversations.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Code Switching, Conversational Analysis, NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to express her thanks to Jesus Christ for
His blessing, love and mercy, and guidance, which have been given to the writer
in the process of completing this thesis. This thesis is done to fulfil one of the
requirements to obtain the S-1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in
Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan. In completing this
thesis, the writer has received a lot of help from many people. Thus the writer
would like to express her gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean Faculty of Languages and Arts.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature
Department.
4. Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department,
and also her first thesis advisor, for the advice and guidance in supervising
the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis.
5. Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum, the Head of English and Literature
Program, and also her second thesis advisor, for the advice and guidance
in supervising the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis
6. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, her Examiner, for the suggestion
and correction.
7. Johannes Jefria Gultom, S.Pd., M.Hum, her Examiner, for the
suggestion and correction.
8. Marisi Debora, S.Pd., M.Hum, her Academic Advisor, for the guidance
during the academic years.
9. All the lecturers during the academic years, for their valuable lessons and
guidance.
ii
10. Euis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd, the English Department administrator, for
her help to render all the academic administrations.
11. Her late grandma, Tiarma Pandiangan, for her insatiable love, care,
support and prayer, and her late aunty, Rita Simanjuntak, for her
inspirational power in the ‘tough war’ fighting cancer.
12. Her joheun eomma and lovely auntie, Rotua and Sinta Simanjuntak, who
gave her a lot of advice and support emotionally and financially.
13. Her dearest companions in ELITE A and B 2012, for all beautiful
moments they shared together during the academic years in the English
Department.
14. Her precious boosters, the Jaerink Gank members, Ayupe, Betik, Upim,
Gerez, Zuzu, Pian, Ricky, Ronald, Jali, and her meotjin chingudeul, Mia,
Anggik, Muteh, Chai, Serleh, Mabet, Elsa, Gunuk, for their laugh, love,
and support.
15. Her elysian nefelibatas, Chan Yeol, Baek Hyeon, Jong Dae, Kris Wu,
D.O, Ravi, and Leo, for their gorgeous and inspirational works and
thoughts.
Lastly, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect and still needs some
improvement. Hence, the writer would like to have the readers’ implicative
suggestions for making this thesis more dependable afterward.
Medan, July 2016
The writer,
Maria Rivera Parasian P.
Reg. No. 2123220022
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT…………….………………………………………………….
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….
iv
TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS……………………………...…….
vi
LIST OF TABLES……….……………………………………………….
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES……….………………………………………….
ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................
1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................
1
B. The Problem of Study ....................................................................
5
C. The Objective of Study ..................................................................
5
D. The Scope of Study .......................................................................
6
E. The Significance of Study .............................................................
6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURES .........................................
7
A. Theoretical Framework..................................................................
7
1. Sociolinguistics .......................................................................
7
a. Bilingualism and Multilingualism ....................................
8
b. Language Alternation .......................................................
9
1) Code Mixing ..................................................................
9
2) Code Switching .............................................................
11
a) Factors of Code Switching .......................................
12
b) Functions of Code Switching ..................................
12
3) Interference....................................................................
19
4) Borrowing .....................................................................
21
2. Code Switching based on Conversational Analysis (CA) .......
22
a. Discourse-related switching ..............................................
24
b. Participant-related switching .............................................
26
3. Mass Media..............................................................................
27
a. Television ...........................................................................
28
b. NET TV .............................................................................
29
c. Kelas Internasional.............................................................
30
iv
B. Relevant Studies ...........................................................................
32
C. Conceptual Framework..................................................................
35
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................
37
A. The Research Design .....................................................................
37
B. The Data and the Source of the Data .............................................
37
C. The Method of Collecting Data .....................................................
38
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data ...............................................
38
CHAPTER IV. THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS ...................
40
A. The Data..........................................................................................
40
B. The Data Analysis...........................................................................
41
1. Code Switching types based on Conversational Analysis (CA)
in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas
Internasional............................................................................
41
a. Participant-related ..............................................................
42
1) Preference-related ..........................................................
43
2) Competence-related .......................................................
46
b. Discourse-related ...............................................................
49
1) Turn-taking .....................................................................
49
2) Preference organization .................................................
52
3) Repair .............................................................................
54
4) Contextualizing side sequence .......................................
57
2. The functions of Code Switching in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional ...............................
59
C. The Research Findings .....................................................................
61
D. Discussion .......................................................................................
63
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..........................
69
A. Conclusions ...................................................................................
69
B. Suggestions ..................................................................................
70
REFERENCES ……….………………………………………………….
71
APPENDIX ...………….………………………………………………….
75
v
TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS
In the transcription of this study, there are some conventions used to
elaborate the analysis in the extracts. The transcription format in the study follows
the conventions presented in Sum (2005) with a few additions.
Features
1. Prosodic Cues
- Open square
bracket
- Latching
-Cut
-Tiny gap
Symbol
[
=
(.)
-Underlined word
word
-Prolongation
-Falling intonation
-Rising intonation
-Intonation
continuity
-Impediment
::
.
?
,
-Bracketed word
()
(word)
-Double empty
((
))
brackets
-Paralinguistic
(=! Text)
material
2. Written typification
-Number
1, 2, 3…
-Italicization
italic
-Normal font
-Bold
3. Languages
-English
-Hindi
-Hausa
-Indonesian
Normal
Bold
E
H
Hs
I
Explanation
for showing the point of overlap of simultaneous
utterances
describes there is no gap between ‘end’ of one and
‘start’ of another piece of talk
describes a cut off prior sound
describes the gap occurring between utterances. The
number of dots indicates relative length of the gap.
describes stress from the speaker (volume or
intonation)
describes prolongation of sound (syllable/ word)
shows a decrease of stress in intonation
indicates an increase of stress in intonation
describes a continuance of an utterance
explains the transcriber inability to hear what was
said
explains the transcriber’s guess at an unclear
utterance
explains transcriber’s descriptions additional to
transcription
describes some paralinguistic material coughing,
laughing, whispering, etc.
describes each participant’s utterance per line in an
extract
describes foreign languages such as Korean,
Japanese, Spanish, Mandarin, Hausa, English.
describes Indonesian
describes English and code switched utterances
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
vi
-Japanese
-Korean
-Mandarin
-Spanish
4. Participants
-Abas
-Bianca
-Budi
-Carlos
-Chongli
-Daniel King
-Kotaro
-Kantini
-Lee
-Lingling
-Mary Jane
-Nicole
-Rika
-Sueb
-Yoora
J
K
M
S
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
A
B
Bd
C
Cl
DK
K
Kt
L
LL
MJ
N
R
Sb
Y
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2
The list of characters in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional……….. 31
Table 4.1 The list of episodes of NET TV’s Kelas International…………. 40
Table 4.2 The total number and percentage of code switching types based
on Conversational Analysis (CA)……………...……………....
41
Table 4.3 The total number and percentage of the functions of Code
Switching in the participants’ conversations in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional…………………..……...……………......
viii
60
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX 1. Appendix Analysis………………………………………
75
APPENDIX 2. The transcription of participants’ conversations in NET
TV’s “Kelas Internasional” ……………………………
ix
119
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Interaction today is not restricted to be performed only with those who
share similar linguistic grounds since a great majority of people has been exposed
to various languages as it can be seen in many countries such as America, Canada,
Singapore, and India. As it is known speakers who use two or more languages
alternately and are able to produce meaningful utterances in other languages
usually called as bi-/multilingual (Weinreich, 1970 in Umar, 2011: 23).
It can be noticed most bi-/multilingual change their speaking strategy
when they are with monolinguals or bilinguals by de-/activating languages. This
happens because speakers have been required to be able to adjust themselves in
any medium of talk, be it monolingual, which requires the talk only conducted in
one language, or bilingual, which demands talk to be carried out in two languages
(Gafaranga, 2012:506). Although speakers might not have equal competence in
two languages, they still incline to use elements from other languages in their
utterances. And the inclination to use two languages in daily interaction is better
known as language alternation (Backus, 2005).
Language alternation exists in every country, in all classes of society and
at all age levels (Grosjean, 1982 in Iqbal, 2011:188). Various kinds of language
alternation such as code switching or mixing, interference, and borrowing are
obviously recognized in any discourse. It is normal for bi-/multilingual to change
1
2
their languages for different interlocutors and domains, since different aspects of
life require different languages (Grosjean, 2015:574).
It is indisputable every country has been experiencing language
alternation, including Indonesia, which is known as a multi-ethnic country
consisting of a set of huge various cultures and vernaculars. This can be
recognized by acknowledging the presence of foreigners from various countries
residing in Indonesia for various reasons such as conducting educational program,
migration, and international partnership. Rapid globalization and abrupt presence
of foreigners have encouraged people to learn other languages through education
for better communication. Education is an influential factor in intensifying
language alternation, especially code switching. It is the best way to acquire
second language since it is perceived that schooling had a strong impact on
individuals’ language skills and perceptions of the languages spoken in the
environment (Ghimenton, 2015:124).
Many educational institutions gradually arrange bilingual-oriented classes
which induce language alternation in the process of learning second language. As
proved by some studies on bilingual classroom done by scholars (Pollard, 2002;
Bista, 2010; Gulzar, 2010; Lee, 2010), code switching was a very crucial strategy
in second language learning process since it served many significant functions.
In Indonesia, the desire to acquire more languages through education is not
realized by Indonesian only, but also by foreigners. The foreigners in Indonesia
notice that relying on English only is not very effective since there are still a lot of
Indonesians do not completely or frequently use it. They acknowledge that being
able to use Indonesian in daily interaction can give them a lot of communication
3
benefits. That is why, today, there are a few international schools in Indonesia
assigned for foreigners. And surprisingly, this fact encourages a private television
(TV) in Indonesia to use it as the concept of a new situational comedy (sitcom)
program.
As one of the most influential media in dispersing information and issues
audio-visually, TV becomes the most effective media to compound language
alternation. It can be clearly discerned, the use of language alternation particularly
code switching on TV is irresistible. There are plenty of TV programs depicting
code switching, such as talk shows, news, movies, and music shows. Still, there
are not so many sitcoms specifically depicting code switching used by foreigners
in Indonesia.
Inspired by the recognition of intense code switching occurrence on TV
and the recent production of a school-setting sitcom in an Indonesian television
named NET TV, this study is purposed to analyze language alternation in a sitcom
called Kelas Internasional. Kelas Internasional starts broadcasting since June
2015 and has been gaining viewers’ attention up to now in Indonesia. It describes
the ways of foreign students from different countries such as Australia, Korea,
Japan, China, Colombia, and America, interact with the others inside and outside
the classroom by alternating languages in Indonesia. Obviously, they do not
merely switch languages for communicating, but also for conveying other
purposes that encouraged by many factors as described in short conversation
below.
4
Abas: Selamat jalan, sahabat
Goodbye, friend
Lingling: Lee, Lingling pasti lindu.
Lee: Bye bye...(picking up a phone call)
Yobeoseo, ye abeoji? Jinjjayo? Jinjja hanguk
angadudwaeyo? Aresseo arasseo, gomawoyo
abeoji!
Lee: Abeojiga geureunde na hanguk ga
angadonende eoh. Na irheul ga junbi geuttae
Indonesia
gyeseok
isseojunende.
Seonsaengnim.. nideul wae anjoaeyo jigeum?
Hanguk angasseo joahaji hanguk ga
anganeunde!
Mr.Budi: Lee, kamu ngomong apa?
Lee: Oh maapheu...saya tidak jadi pulang ke
Korea!
Lee, I will miss you
Bye bye..Hello, yes dad? Really? It is okay
if I don’t go back to Korea? Okay, okay,
thank you dad!
my dad permits me. I shouldn’t be back to
Korea. ‘Till I’m ready to work, I can stay in
Indonesia. Teacher…now why do you all
seem not happy? I can stay here, you all
must be happy! I I can stay here!
Lee, what are you saying?
Oh, I’m sorry… I said I wouldn’t be back to
Korea!
(Episode 83 of Kelas Internasional- Kelas Wanted)
This conversation took place in corridor. A Korean student named Lee was
asked by his father to return to South Korea. Grudgingly, Lee obeyed his father’s
order. When he was going to say goodbye to his teacher and friends, his father
called him and said that he could stay in Indonesia. Lee excitedly told his friends
about the good news. But because of his excitement, he forgot to speak in
Indonesia and kept talking in Korean. It was obvious that switches done by Lee
were encouraged by the existence of other participants and emotional feeling. It
could be noticed Lee switched into Korean when he talked with his father over the
phone to describe their solidarity and to express his contentment for not returning
back to Korea. And then, Lee switched his Korean into Indonesian again when he
noticed that everyone could not understand what he said. In this conversation, it
could be identified that there were some functions carried by Lee’s switches such
as accommodation, solidarity marker, and affective function.
Code switching in sitcom was elicited to be studied considering the fact
there was not a lot of code switching studies using school-setting sitcom as a
5
source of research data. Most previous studies sought the sources of the data from
novels, talk shows, lyrics, or ads. Moreover, this sitcom depicted various
languages use. When other sources of data only provided two languages switch,
let say Indonesian-English, this sitcom served more variety of language switches
such as English-Indonesia, Korean-Indonesian, Japanese-Indonesian, MandarinIndonesian, Spanish-Indonesian. That was why, a study on code switching using
school-setting sitcom was relatively fresh since there were not many similar
programs in Indonesia.
To sum up, this study was aimed to find out the code switching employed
by the participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional and to reveal the ground of
code switching occurrence in participants’ utterances in conversations in order to
comprehend code switching, especially in humorous academic setting which was
apparently depicted in Kelas Internasional.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study were described as follows:
1) What types of code switching based on conversational analysis (CA) were
frequently used by participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional?
2) What functions of code switching did encourage the participants in NET
TV’s
Kelas
Internasional
to
employ
code
switching
in
their
conversations?
C. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study were described as follows:
1) To identify the types of code switching based on conversational analysis
that used frequently by participants in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
6
2) To explain the functions encouraged code switching occurrence in the
utterances of participants’ of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
D. The Scope of the Study
This study was limited on finding the language alternation, specifically
code switching, in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional. In this study, the analysis of
language alternation was focused only on switched utterances done by some
prominent participants of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional.
E. The Significances of the Study
This study was expected to be useful theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, this study was purposed to provide knowledge and
understanding of sociolinguistics, especially code switching, for
readers and English Department students. It was expected to give
explanation on how to analyse code-switching, in speakers’ utterances.
2.
Practically, this study was expected to be useful as additional
reference for other researchers who would like to conduct similar
research. It was also aimed at evoking readers/ students’ interest in
understanding language alternation, especially code switching, which
was vividly portrayed in many TV programs in Indonesia nowadays.
Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analysing the data, the conclusions are presented as the following:
1. The most frequently occurred CS type in the conversations of the
participants of NET TV’s Kelas Internasional was participant-related CS
as preference-related with 35 frequencies (34.3%). Participant related CS
as preference-related as the most frequently occurred type in the
participants’ conversations in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional described
that CS was the most practicable and effective interactional strategy to
maintain a conversation and to meet the participants and the surroundings’
language preferences, especially in bilingual environment.
2. There were 14 functions inducing CS to be used which identified in the
participants’ conversation in NET TV’s Kelas Internasional such as
accommodation, affective function, interjection, reiteration, addressee
specification, reinforcement of refusal, attention attracter, solidarity
expression, other participants exclusion/ inclusion, substitution, referential
function, habitual expression, vehemence, and prestige marker. It was
found out that, affective with 25 frequencies (15.5%) and accommodation
with 21 frequencies (13.02%), were the most influential functions. These
two functions occurred frequently because the participants in NET TV’s
Kelas Internasional substantially employed CS for accommodating other
69
70
participants’ competence, satisfying personal or surroundings language
preference, and expressing a set of certain emotional feelings.
B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, the following are presented as the suggestions
which useful for:
1.
Readers
and
students
of
English
Department,
to
comprehend
sociolinguistics, especially code switching (CS) existing in bilingual
environment, in order to be able to identify the factors encourage bilingual
speakers to switch and the types of CS occurring in discourses. To make a
study on CS more interesting, readers and students of English Department
can observe TV programs which portray the use of CS.
2. For other researchers, who are interested in code switching, to do some
further study on code switching since it is one of the most intense
language issues today that can be found in any medium such as text books,
song lyrics, advertisements, speeches, internet, instructional boards, and
many more. This study can help other researchers to know and grasp how
the two types of CS based on conversational analysis (CA) applied in
bilingual discourses.
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