Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa Novel.

ABSTRACT

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Code switching is a phenomenon in which people use more than one language in the same discourse (Numan & Carter, 2001). There are pros and cons about code switching. Some people say that code switching is a form of failure in mastering languages. Some other say that code switching is a creative process in acquiring languages. Based on those opinions, the researcher aims to conduct a research on the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara, a main character of “Antologi Rasa” novel written by Ika Natassa.

In doing this research, the researcher used a qualitative method, specifically content analysis. First, the data were selected and coded. After that, the data findings were categorized based on the types and speech functions. The types of code switching were analysed by applying Poplack’s theory (1980), and the speech functions were analyzed by applying Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987).

This research revealed that there are three types of code switching that were used by Keara. Those types are tag, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. The most frequently used is intra-sentential switching (58.95%), while the least frequently used is tag switching (7.3%). For the speech functions, from six functions, there are five functions found in the novel. Those speech functions found in the novel were referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. There is no directive functions used in the novel. The most frequently used is metalinguistic function (37.4%), and the least frequently used is poetic function (4.6%). There is one more finding, which is the combinations of expressive and phatic functions (5%). It is the proof that code switching is the result of human’s creativity.

ABSTRAK

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode atau code switching adalah fenomena dimana dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan dalam waktu yang sama. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat sendiri. Beberapa beranggapan bahwa alih kode ini adalah dampak dari penguasaan bahasa yang tidak sempurna. Beberapa lainnya menganggap alih kode adalah suatu proses kreatif dalam mempelajari bahasa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tipe-tipe dan fungsi atas penggunaan alih kode oleh seorang karakter utama dalam sebuah novel bertajuk “Antologi Rasa” karya Ika Natassa.

Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan content analysis. Langkah pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah membaca serta mendaftar penggunaan alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter utama yang terdapat pada novel. Kemudian data yang didapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tipe dan fungsi penggunaannya. Untuk tipe alih kode, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Poplack (1980), dan untuk fungsi penggunaan alih kode digunakan teori dari Appel dan Muysken (1987).

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan oleh Keara. Ketiga tipe tersebut adalah tag, intra-sentential, dan inter-sentential switching. Tipe yang paling sering digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching (58.95%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah tag switching (7,3%). Sedangkan untuk fungsi menggunakan alih kode, dari enam fungsi yang ada, ada lima yang digunakan dalam novel. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, dan poetic functions. Fungsi yang paling sering digunakan adalah metalinguistic function (37,4%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah poetic function (4,6%). Selain itu, expressive dan phatic function (5%) juga digunakan secara bersamaan. Hal ini merupakan bukti bahwa code switching merupakan hasil dari kreatifitas manusia.

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami 131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami 131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

iv

This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved mother Narsilah, S.Pd. and my beloved father Aries Kuntadi who always support and pray for me, and also to my beloved

vi ABSTRACT

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Code switching is a phenomenon in which people use more than one language in the same discourse (Numan & Carter, 2001). There are pros and cons about code switching. Some people say that code switching is a form of failure in mastering languages. Some other say that code switching is a creative process in acquiring languages. Based on those opinions, the researcher aims to conduct a research on the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara, a main character of “Antologi Rasa” novel written by Ika Natassa.

In doing this research, the researcher used a qualitative method, specifically content analysis. First, the data were selected and coded. After that, the data findings were categorized based on the types and speech functions. The types of code switching were analysed by applying Poplack’s theory (1980), and the speech functions were analyzed by applying Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987).

This research revealed that there are three types of code switching that were used by Keara. Those types are tag, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. The most frequently used is intra-sentential switching (58.95%), while the least frequently used is tag switching (7.3%). For the speech functions, from six functions, there are five functions found in the novel. Those speech functions found in the novel were referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. There is no directive functions used in the novel. The most frequently used is metalinguistic function (37.4%), and the least frequently used is poetic function (4.6%). There is one more finding, which is the combinations of expressive and phatic functions (5%). It is the proof that code switching is the result of human’s creativity.

vii ABSTRAK

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode atau code switching adalah fenomena dimana dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan dalam waktu yang sama. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat sendiri. Beberapa beranggapan bahwa alih kode ini adalah dampak dari penguasaan bahasa yang tidak sempurna. Beberapa lainnya menganggap alih kode adalah suatu proses kreatif dalam mempelajari bahasa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tipe-tipe dan fungsi atas penggunaan alih kode oleh seorang karakter utama dalam sebuah novel bertajuk “Antologi Rasa” karya Ika Natassa.

Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan content analysis. Langkah pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah membaca serta mendaftar penggunaan alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter utama yang terdapat pada novel. Kemudian data yang didapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tipe dan fungsi penggunaannya. Untuk tipe alih kode, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Poplack (1980), dan untuk fungsi penggunaan alih kode digunakan teori dari Appel dan Muysken (1987).

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan oleh Keara. Ketiga tipe tersebut adalah tag, intra-sentential, dan inter-sentential switching. Tipe yang paling sering digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching (58.95%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah tag switching (7,3%). Sedangkan untuk fungsi menggunakan alih kode, dari enam fungsi yang ada, ada lima yang digunakan dalam novel. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, dan poetic functions. Fungsi yang paling sering digunakan adalah metalinguistic function (37,4%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah poetic function (4,6%). Selain itu, expressive dan phatic function (5%) juga digunakan secara bersamaan. Hal ini merupakan bukti bahwa code switching merupakan hasil dari kreatifitas manusia.

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This piece of work, a bundle of paper, a bunch of story which is called as a thesis, the requirement to graduate with S.Pd. title from Sanata Dharma University, I humbly present to those who have encouraged me to finish this thesis and my study.

I cannot say more to my classmates in Class A, small Class A whom I cannot mention one by one, for being my biggest reason to be able to graduate as soon as possible. My best friend with whom I spend and survive in this battleship

“Moon”, I thank him for being my best friend, partner in crime, personal advisor, and biggest rival.

My special gratitude to my kind-hearted advisor, Truly Almendo Pasaribu, S.S., M.A. for her time, willingness, advice, and guidance. My gratitude goes to my academic advisor, Drs. Y.B. Gunawan, M.A., for being the nicest advisor and lecturer. My favorite lecturer, Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., who gave me inspiration in the first time to write about Linguistics.

The greatest gratitude goes to my parents, Aries Kuntadi and Narsilah, S.Pd. who always shower me with love, since I was a kid. For the endless love, pray, and support, there is nothing I can do to pay all of those sacrifices. I thank them for staying by, believing, and encouraging me even when others doubt me. My little brother, Riesna Deby Mega Rizkia who always becomes my mood booster, I thank for supporting me to finish my study and get a job as soon as possible.

ix

And last, but not least, Allah SWT, The Creator, The Initiator of All, The Guide, and The Infallible Teacher, without His blessing I would not be here and this thesis would not have existed. And for He is The True Creator of this life and the after life.

x

Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Questions ... 5

C. Research Significance ... 5

D. Definition of Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 10

A. Theoretical Description ... 10

1. Bilingual and Multilingual... 10

2. Code Switching... 11

3. Brief Description of Antologi Rasa and Keara ... 12

4. Types of Code Switching ... 13

5. Speech Functions of Code Switching ... 17

B. Theoretical Framework ... 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 26

xi

B. Source of Data ... 27

C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ... 28

D. Data Analysis Technique ... 29

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 32

A. Research Findings ... 32

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa ... 32

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa ... 33

B. Research Discussion ... 34

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa ... 35

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa ... 41

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 55

A. Conclusions ... 55

B. Implications ... 57

C. Recomendations ... 58

REFERENCES ... 60

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara ... 30 4.1 The Data Findings of the Types of Code Switching... 33 4.2 The Data Findings of the Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara ... 34

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1. Data findings of the types and speech functions of code switching ... 65 2. Synopsis of Antologi Rasa novel ... 222 3. Bibliography of Ika Natassa ... 224

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the introduction of the research which consists of four parts. The first part is the background of the study which explains on the reasons of conducting this research. The second part deals with the research questions, those which will be discovered in this research. The next part is about research significant in which the research gives contribution. The last part is definition of terms which will explain the terms which are used in this research.

A. Research Background

Today, people can easily communicate with other people even when they are separated by the distance. Distance means nothing in this global and modern era. As the way to communicate between people from one region and other regions, even other countries are widely opened now, people nowadays mostly can speak in more than one, even two languages. The ability to speak more than one language is one of the factors which influences the society into bilingual or even multilingual. Hoffman (1991) says that bilingualism is “a natural onset of interethnic, international, interlinguistic communication” (p. 351).

One of the impacts of bilingual and multilingual societies is the occurrence of code switching. Code switching is mostly done with spoken action (Nordquist, 2016). However, lately, we can find many code switching used in written articles and novels. It is an example of how code switching is widely spread among

bilingual and multilingual speakers. It even influences the way they write, not only the way they speak.

There are several studies done in researching about code switching which is found in written documents such as novels. Here are some of those studies. The first one is a study of code mixing and code switching by Riana Suherman from Universitas Pamulang. The study was entitled as “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in a Novel ‘Divortiare’ by Ika Natassa”. It was conducted in 2012 with the main focuses were on the types, functions, and reasons of using code mixing and code switching. In conducting this study, Riana used three different theories. In analyzing the types of code switching, she used Peter Stockwell’s theory; in analyzing the functions of code switching, she used Saville-Troike’s theory; and in analyzing the reasons of using code switching, she used Mayerhoff’s theory.

The second study is “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in the Novel Rojak by Fira Basuki”. It was conducted by Eva Kusuma Dewi, a student from Universitas Muhammadiah Surabaya in 2013. In this study, Eva analyzed the types and reasons of code switching used in the novel.

“Code-Switching in N.H Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang” is the next study which was written by a student from Sanata Dharma University, Fransisca Galih Permatasari. This study was written in 2014. There were two things which were discussed in this study. The first one was the types of code switching, which was analyzed by using McCormiock’s theory

(1994). The second one was the reasons of using code switching, which was analyzed by using Crystal’s theory (1987).

The next study was written in 2015. The study was entitled as “ Code-Mixing and Code Switching Analysis on Ranah 3 Warna Novel”, from a student of Universitas Diponegoro. There were two things which were discussed here. The first one was the types and the second one was the factors of code switching. Both of the types and reasons of code switching were discussed by using Suwito (1985) and Jendra (2001)’s theory.

Those are some studies which used novels in analyzing the phenomenon of code switching in a written discourse. Using novels to analyze code switching provides us with a lot of data. It is because novel contains many pages and it enables us to get the data which are needed. Based on those studies, the researcher decided to write a research with the similar topic, which is about code switching in a novel. However, here, the researcher focuses on the code switching which is used by the main character of the novel.

In this research, the researcher wants to present an example of a novel which uses so many code switching. The tittle of the novel is Antologi Rasa. It is a novel which is written by Ika Natassa, a business banker who now is also a writer and photographer. She spent her senior high school time in Stanton, Iowa, USA. She also worked as the apprentice in Australia’s Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries in Darwin, and ACTEW Corporation Limited in Canberra. She spent a great deal of her time overseas and therefore it affects the way she speaks. It is reflected also in the way she writes her novel.

This novel is quite unique because it has three different points of view from the three main characters. In this novel, we are able to see the feeling of those three characters. Those characters are Keara, Harris, and Ruly. However, Keara is the one who used code switching more frequent than the others. That is why the researcher decided to analyze the code switching used by Keara.

Even though there are many studies with the similar topic, there are some things which make this research different with the previous studies. First, in this research, the researcher describes the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara. Second, as stated in the first reason, the researcher focuses only on the code switching used by Keara, the main character in the novel. Therefore, this research will not discuss the code switching in the whole novel. Third, the researcher uses specific theories to discuss the types and speech functions of code switching, not a general one.

This research uses the theory from Poplack (1980) in analyzing the types of code switching. While, in analyzing the speech functions of code switching, the researcher uses Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987). The reason of using Poplack’s theory in analyzing the types of code switching, and Appel and Muysken’s theory in analyzing the speech functions of code switching is that these theories have not been used by those previous studies which are mentioned before. By using different theories that have not been used before, it will enable us to gain more knowledge about the types and speech functions of code switching.

B. Research Questions

In conducting this research, there are several things that will be discussed. Those things are formulated into two research questions. The research questions which are discussed in this research are:

1. What are the types of code switching used by Keara based on Poplack’s theory?

2. What are the speech functions of using code switching by Keara based on Appel and Muysken’s theory?

C. Research Significance

There are several things that are expected while conducting this research. It is not only to the researcher, but also to those who read this research. This research is also expected to give contribution to some parties, which are students in English Language Education Study Program, lecturers in English Language Education Study Program, and readers in general.

1. Students in English Language Education Study Program

This research is expected to give contribution in helping those who study in English Language Education Study Program when they are discussing about code switching. This research is expected to give another example and explanation about the use of code switching, that code switching is not only found in spoken discourse but also in written discourse. By explaining the phenomenon in the form of example and analysis, this research is hoped to make

better understanding on the related topic. Besides, learning about code switching will help them obtain better knowledge in language learning.

2. Lecturers in English Language Education Study Program

This research is expected to help the lecturers in English Language Education Study Program, especially those who teach Sociolinguistics. It is expected that this research will give them another source of discussing about code switching. Usually, the lecturers will discuss the phenomenon of code switching in spoken discourse. Therefore, by this research, it is expected that the discussion about code switching will be broaden, not only in spoken but also written discourse. It will also enable us to study more about the phenomenon of code switching.

3. Readers in general

To the readers of this research, this research is expected to broaden their knowledge and make them to be more aware of the code switching phenomenon. Many people think that code switching occurs because of the lack of understanding and mastering the vocabulary of one language. However, this research is expected to change their way of perceiving code switching. There are many reasons of using code switching, other than vocabulary lack.

D. Definition of Terms

Definition of terms are given to avoid misunderstanding and misconception between the research and the readers of this research. There are

some terms which need to be defined. They are character, novel, Antologi Rasa, bilingual and multilingual, and code switching.

1. Characters

Character is one of the attributes or features that makes up and distinguishes an individual. It is an imagery person which is created by the author to support his work. There are some kind of characters. The most popular ones are protagonist and antagonist characters; main and supporting characters; and static and dynamic characters. A protagonist character is the one who often engages readers’ interest. In other hand, an antagonist character is often hated by the readers. In a stereotype view, the protagonist character is usually seen as the good one or the angel, whereas the antagonist character is seen as the bad one, the evil. A main character is the one who always or mostly shown in the story. He gets the biggest part of the story. A supporting character appears in some parts only, not the whole story. A static character is the one who does not change or develop throughout the story. In opposite, a dynamic character is the one who grows and develops throughout the story. In this research, the character which is used is the main as a dynamic characters.

2. Novels

Novel is an imaginative prose which has certain length and usually deals with human experiences. It also has sequence events and each event happens in specific setting. Peck and Coyle (1984) say that novel moves from religious view of life to the modern complexion of everyday life. Another definition of novel is that novel is usually written in prose with certain length and level of complexity.

Its purpose is to reflect and express some of human experiences or conducts (Taylor, 1981). It also carries some meaning and values of life.

3. Antologi Rasa

Antologi Rasa is a novel by Ika Natassa which is published in 2011 and it has been published three times. The last version is included with a visual design of some scenes in the novel which are made by Natassa herself. Antologi Rasa is one of the special novels. Besides the visual design, this novel also provides us with three different points of view from the three main characters. The first point of view is from Keara’s, followed by Harris’s and then Ruly’s point of view. It makes this novel special and different from Natassa’s previous novels.

4. Bilingual and Multilingual

Bilingual is a condition in which people can understand two languages, whether they have already mastered it or slightly understood it. Appel and Muysken (1987) state that bilingualism is an open-ended semantics concept because it enables the researcher to choose which language suits the best for his purpose. Salla (2010) also states that bilingualism is an effect of the communication of people with different languages. Whereas multilingualism is “a result of historical events which make changes in power, border, and immigration to new found lands” (Salla, 2010, p. 397).

5. Code Switching

Code switching is the change of one language into two or more languages which happens in the same occasion. Wardaugh (1986) states that a code is a system which is used when two or more people communicate. Some linguists

often differentiate between code switching and code mixing, and some other do not differentiate it. However, in this research, the researcher chooses to use the same definition for code switching and code mixing as the changes of code or language in the same discourse. It is supported by Saville-Troike (2003) that “I avoid that term because of the pejorative connotation that intersentential switching involves a random or unprincipled combination of language” (p. 50).

10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides the review of related literature. There are two sections in this chapter which are theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description explains the relevant theories used in this research. Theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all theories which help the researcher in conducting the research to answer the research questions.

A. Theoretical Description

In this section, before we go further to code switching, there are some terms in which should be discussed in order to know more on the phenomenon of code switching. Code switching is believed as the result of bilingual and multilingual societies. In bilingual and multilingual societies, people have the ability to understand and speak more than one or two languages. Therefore, the first thing which will be discussed is bilingual and multilingual, followed by code switching, a brief description about Antologi Rasa and Keara, types of code switching, and the last one is speech functions of code switching.

1. Bilingual and Multilingual

In this era, there are so many bilingual and multilingual societies. According to Hoffman (1991) bilingual is “a natural phenomenon born over the years and the centuries communities establish links with one another, whether

friendly, commercial or belligerent” (p. 1). In addition, Hoffman (1991) also states that “bilingualism arises as a result of contract, spreads throughout community and is maintained depends on whether the conditions for its development are right” (p. 3). One of the factors of bilingualism and multilingualism is “the constant contacts that always influence in some way the speech behavior of the people involved – and therefore, eventually, their languages are affected by borrowing or change” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 1). As there are some people in bilingual and multilingual societies who are able to speak in more than one or two languages, there are some effects which appear as the results. One of the effects is code switching.

2. Code Switching

The terms of code switching is not strange anymore. Actually, code itself is “a verbal component that can be as small as a morpheme or as comprehensive and complex as the entire system of language” (Ayeomoni, 2006, p. 91). Whereas code switching, according to Numan and Carter (2001) is “a phenomenon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse” (as cited in Sert, 2005, p. 1). In addition, Poplack (2000) says that “code switching has been defined as the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence, or constituent” (as cited in Pollard, 2002, p. 3). Furthermore, Bokamba (1989) defines code switching as “the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event”. Therefore, we can conclude that code switching is the change of one language into two or more languages which happens in the same occasion.

Code switching can be said as the result of bilingual and multilingual societies, as stated before. It is supported by Gal (1988) that code switching is “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” (as cited in Wardaugh, 1986, p. 103). Code switching is also the most creative aspect as the result of bilingual speech (Hoffman, 1991). However, some people argue that code switching is the result of human creativity. Some of them think that code switching occurs because of the lack of vocabulary that bilingual person has. It is also considered as “linguistic decay” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 109). Hammink (2000) comments that code switching is a result of incomplete mastery of the two languages, and considered as a low prestige form, incorrect, and poor language. 3. Brief Description of Antologi Rasa and Keara

Antologi Rasa is the fourth book by Ika Natassa after A Very Yuppy Wedding, Divortiare, and Underground. Even though she is a banker, she still manages her time to write an interesting and addictive novel such as this one. Different from the three other novels of her, this novel presents the readers with three points of view from the three main characters, Keara, Harris, and Ruly.

This novel tells us about four squares of love from the main characters, who work in the same bank, Harris to Keara, Keara to Ruly, Ruly to Denise. This novel also allows the readers to see directly what is on the main characters’ mind. Even though the theme is kind of a classic love between friends, Ika can easily wrap the story in an amazing and unpredictable ways. Just as a reflection of her

own life, this novel describes briefly what a banker does in the office with additional ‘ingredient’ called love.

Even though there are three characters in the novel but this novel mainly deals with Keara. The readers can know the characteristics of Keara from her monologues and other characters’ opinions. It is told that Keara is a shopaholic, witty woman who falls in love with her working partner, Ruly. Regardless on what she has, about her appearance and ability, she is a little bit arrogant. She spent her university life in New York. It is also said that she ever lived in USA during her childhood. It is one of the reasons on why she uses code switching a lot. Besides shopping, her hobby is also to take pictures. Keara has two best friends, Dinda and Harris. However, Dinda is the one who becomes the real diary for Keara. As for Keara, works in a bank is the way to fulfill her needs for shopping. She is not the type of workaholic.

4. Types of Code Switching

There are some theories about the types of code switching. According to Saville-Troike, there are two types of code switching. He states in his work that “yet another dimension to be distinguished is the scope of switching, or the nature of the juncture at which language change takes place” (1986, p. 50). The first type of code switching according to Saville-Troike is intersentential switching. It is a code switching which occurs between sentences or speech acts. The second type is intrasentential switching. Intrasentential switching is code switching which occurs within a single sentence.

However, long before Saville-Troike states his opinion on the types of code switching, Poplack in 1980 has already stated her opinions on types of code switching. She classifies the types of code switching into three different categories. The first two categories are similar with that are said by Saville-Troike, which are inter-sentential and intra-sentential code switching. The other one is named as tag switching.

a. Tag Switching

Tag switching is the least complicated switching. It is because it needs a little integration of the two languages. Tag switching is related to the inclusion of a tag (Jalil, 2009, p. 4). Poplack (1980) says that the insertion of a tag has no influences to the rest of the sentence. The insertion of the tag also can be moved freely and attached almost in anywhere. The example of English tags which usually used are ‘you know’, ‘I mean’, ‘yeah’, etc. The use of tag switching can be seen in the following monologue from Ika Natassa’s Antologi Rasa novel (2012):

Yeah, bro, mimpi aja terus. (Monologue, Ruly, p. 120)

Keara gue itu—yeah, I wish—malah tertawa. (Monologue, Harris, p. 126) Untuk sekolah dan lulus itu hal yang mudah, yang susah itu pas nanti

nyari kerjanya, yeah.

The use of ‘yeah’ word is one of the most common tag switching used by people. It is because the word ‘yeah’ can simply explain what is difficult to be explained. People will understand the meaning of ‘yeah’ easily. Moreover, when it is followed by the speaker’s facial expression or intonation.

From the two examples above, we can also see that the insertion of the word ‘yeah’ is vary. It can be in the beginning of the sentence just like in the first example, or it can be in the middle of the sentence as in the second example. We can also infer that tag switching does not require high understanding of a certain language to use it.

b. Inter-sentential Code Switching

Inter-sentential code switching happens between sentences. It can also occur in the clause or sentence level where its caluse or sentence is in diffirent languages. The difference between clause and sentence is that a clause cannot stand alone, but a sentence can. The speaker does not have to master the languages to use inter-sentential code switching. However, it is one level higher than tag switching. The following dialogue is the example of inter-sentential switching.

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu barusan moto kita?? Adjie : Trus kenapa?

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu tuh kayak anak kecil banget sih! Makan belepotan, ciuman aja pake difoto…

Adjie : Sayang, sebelum kamu ngomel-ngomel, liat bener-bener dulu dong fotonya! You’re so beautiful and photogenic in this one! (Natassa, 2007, p.187)

The use of inter-sentential switching is shown in Adjie’s dialogue, when he used code switching from Indonesian to English. The code switching used by Adjie is in the form of a sentence. Here, we can see that inter-sentential switching has lower risk of violating grammatical and syntactic rules. It is because when the clause or sentence is in Indonesian, the speaker uses Indonesian grammatical

rules. On the other hand, when the speaker speaks in English, he uses grammatical English rules.

c. Intra-sentential Code Switching

Intra-sentential code switching occurs within a clause or sentence. Since the occurance of this type is relatively in a small discourse, it is said to be the most complicated one. The reason is that the code switching here is in the form of phrases that should be fit into the clause or sentence. It is supported by Poplack (1980, p. 215) that “this type requires a lot of integration and is usually associated with the most fluent bilinguals”. Jalil (2009) states some examples of intra -sentential code switching, as shown bellow:

Example 1:

“Yeah, I have… you know what’s my problem… I remember… when I used to go to school, I always had a problem when I, I had to sit straight to the teacher, and I have um complexo about my nose, and you know, like my…” (p. 9)

Example 2:

“We throw flores pra Iemanjá, that’s like a queen…” (p. 9)

From those examples, we can see that intra-sentential code switching is used within a sentence and usually in the form of word or phrase. Both of the examples are mostly in English which use code switching in Portuguese. In the first example, the code switching is in the form of noun phrase, um complexo. In English, um complexo means ‘a complex’. Just as the same with the first example, the second example is also a noun phrase, flores pra Iemanjá. The English words for flores pra Iemanjá is ‘flowers for Iemanja’.

We can also see that in intra-sentential switching, we need a good understanding of both languages. The use of part of speech should be used in a proper way. That is why intra-sentential switching is said to have high risk of violating grammatical or syntatic rule. Therefore, it needs high awareness and understanding of both languages.

5. Speech Functions of Code Switching

Even though some people think that code switching is “a sign of linguistic decay” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 109), there are some others that think if code switching helps us a lot in a matter of communication. Hoffman states that code switching “involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation” (1991, p. 110). Trudgill (2000) also says that “speakers switch to manipulate or influence or define the situation as they wish, and to convey nuances of meaning and personal intention” (p. 105). This quotation refers to the functions of code switching as self-expression and personal intention. There are other functions of code switching according to some researchers, such as identity maker (Gumperz, 1982; Woolard, 1989; Kroskrity, 1993; Nishimura, 1995; Sridhar, 1996; Fought, 2003; Shin, 2010), solidarity maker (Bradby, 2002), dominance and prestige (Waseem, 2000; Wong, 2000), preciseness (Bonvillain, 1993), strategy of neutrality (Scotton, 1993), style shifting (Bradby, 2002), reiteration, personalization, address specification, interjection and quotation (Gumperz, 1982).

More specifically, Appel and Muysken (1987) define the speech functions of code switching as referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function. Here are the definitions of those functions.

a. The Referential Function

The referential function involves the lack of knowledge or facility in a language. Chen (2007) states that “referential functions vary according to the following: speakers might want to switch terms lack availability in other language, terms lack semantically, and speakers refer to the language in which such words are available” (as cited in Othman, 2015, p. 31). Here, bilingual or multilingual who can speak in two or more languages find that sometimes, some words cannot be translated to other languages. Therefore, they choose to code switch to other languages which have the right or suitable words.

Indonesian teenagers, nowadays often do not understand the Indonesian term of some English words. For instance, they use the word ‘download’ instead of ‘mengunduh’ or ‘update’ instead of ‘memperbarui’. Moreover, children have been accustomed to use gadget since they are in elementary school or even earlier. They only know that download is an activity of getting or saving something (song, picture, video, movie, etc.) from internet to their phone or PC. They do not know the Indonesian word of download. It can also be said that the referential function mostly involves in technology’s term. Since technology are mostly produced in America and aboard, the terms which are related to technology are also in English. Therefore, tecnology’s terms usually are not translated into certain language.

The referential function can also refer to the use of code switching when there is no suitable word in certain languages. For example, the English term of ‘fighting’ does not have the suitable Korean term. ‘Fighting’ here does not mean to hit each other or to join in a war. ‘Fighting’ here means that we have the spirit to do something or to give support or encourage others. However, some Korean pronounce it as ‘hwaiting’ instead of ‘fighting’.

b. The Directive Function

The directive function aims to include or exclude a person from a part of conversation. The directive function to exclude someone usually happens when people talk about secret that they do not want other people to know. The directive function of excluding someone is often used by girls when they gossip other girls.

For example, a group of girls who speak Javanese and Indonesian are hanging out in a café. Suddenly, a girl from different group who does not understand Javanese passes by.

A1 : Liat deh, ada si B. A2 : Eh sama siapa dia?

A3 : Sstt… Lho ya karo pacare kan? A1 : Ngawur. Yange de’e kui si D. A2 : Lha kae sopo? Bribikane sing liya? A3 : Ha ya mboh. Adimu.

The dialogue shows that they use code switching from Indonesian to Javanese when they talk about someone else who does not understand Javanese. The directive function here is to exclude the person they were talking about.

Another example is the directive function to include someone who joins in the middle of a conversation between bilinguals who speak Indonesian and English as showed in the dialogue bellow.

M : The Hunger Games movie is quite good. I like the character played by Jennifer Lawrence.

N : Ah, the one who played as Katniss Everdeen. Yeah, I like her as well. She seemed so natural.

L : Hai seru banget kayanya. Lagi ngomongin apa? M : Eh dari mana aja? Kita nungguin kamu.

N : Kamu udah nonton Hunger Games belum?

The dialogue above shows a conversation between two people who firstly spoke in English. Both of M and N can speak and understand English. However, a third person who does not speak English comes and joins the conversation. The three of them are close friends, and therefore they do not want to exclude the other from the conversation. In order to include the third person into the conversation, they use code switching to Indonesian, so the third person can understand about what they are talking about.

c. The Expressive Function

The expressive function tends to stress self-identity or feeling. It suggests that those who code switch want to express their emotion or feeling. The emotion and feeling can be in the form of happiness, sadness, anger, etc.

The following monologue is an example of a person who uses code switching to express his feeling. He can speak Javanese, Indonesian, and English.

Ah kalo tau bakal kuis dadakan mending tadi ga usah masuk sekalian. Asyemm tenan… mau dapet berapa coba nilainya?! Bodo ah. Whatever will be, will be.

The monologue above explains about the feeling of a person who just has a sudden quiz. He speaks in Indonesian and then uses code switching to Javanese and followed by English. The Javanese words ‘asyemm tenan’ is an expression of showing the feeling of anger. It is the same of English words ‘damn it’. Therefore,

the English words ‘whatever will be, will be’ refers to the feeling of giving up. It means that he will accept whatever his result is.

Another example of the expressive function is explained in the following illustration. It is illustrated the situation in an English Department class when they are discussing about case study implemented in a research.

So, I found this research, randomly. I just want to make sure that you understand about what case study is. I will read the title of the research and you should mention what is or are wrong from this. First, ‘A Case Study of Bilingualism in English Department Students’. From the title, it is stated that the research will use case study. But in the Research Method, she wrote that she will use questionnaire to get the data, and she will distribute it only once. Lha terus piye carane case study?

Here, the lecturer uses code switching from English to her native language, Javanese. It shows her emotion clearly when she mixes her native language and English. She speaks like that because she thinks that she has explained the material about case study well, therefore some of the students still do not understand about it.

d. The Phatic Function

The phatic function aims to show a change in tone and emphasize parts of conversation which are important. As its function is to emphasize or to give stress on something important, people usually use phatic functions only in some words which are considered as important. Appel and Muysken (1987) state that “this type of language alternation can be found in when a stand-up comedian tells the whole joke in the standard variety, yet brings the last line of joke that provides humor or climax in vernacular types of speech” (as cited in Othman, 2015, p. 30).

e. The Metalinguistic Function

The metalinguistic function is when a person uses code switching in order to comment on another language. It can be used to comment directly or indirectly on a specific language feature. Some people say that metalinguistic function is used when people want to show off their linguistic skills. Scotton (1979) states that “one example of metalinguistic function is when speakers switch between different codes to impress the other participants with a show off linguistic skills” (as cited in Appel and Muysken, 1987, p. 120). This research gives examples on the metalinguistic function as a sign of showing off someones’s linguistic skill. The dialogue of some girls here is one of the examples of the metalinguistic function in showing off their linguistic skill.

Nita : Mbak Andrea ya? Gue Nita, Mbak, sekertaris barunya Pak Abi.

Andrea : Hai, Nit, dulunya dimana?

Nita : Dulu di Consumer Loan, tapi waktu gue denger Pak Abi butuh tambahan sekertaris, ya gue apply aja. (Natassa; p. 226; ch. 11).

Here, both of Nita and Andrea are bilinguals. Hoffman (1991) states that in informal situation, bilinguals may code switch a lot, moreover when they are with someone they are close to. Nita and Andrea are not close friend. However, in the dialogue Nita uses code switching by saying ‘apply’ which refers to ‘mendaftar’ in Indonesia. It indicates that Nita uses metalinguistic function. Instead of saying ‘mendaftar’, she prefers to say it in English which is counted as a code switching. The speech function of code switching here is metalinguistic function, since its function is to show off Nita’s linguistic skill. She wants to show off her linguistic skill to impress Andrea.

f. The Poetic Function

The poetic function is often used by bilinguals to tell jokes, stories, songs, and poetic quotations for amusement or entertainment purpose. We often find some people code switch in order to tell jokes or stories. Moreover, when the origin of the jokes or the stories are in other languages. It creates different atmosphere when the jokes or the stories are not delivered in their origin, sometimes it even creates other meaning and does not deliver the fun things in a right way.

This is the example of the poetic function which is found in one of Ika Natassa’s novels.

Yang bikin percetakannya pusing adalah puisi Pablo Neruda yang kami taruh di halaman pertama undangan. Ya maklum deh, puisi itu dalam bahasa Spanyol, yang ejaannya aneh-aneh. Aku dan Ajie suka banget puisi ini karena kata-katanya indah. Mau tau ga bunyinya apa?

Ay, amar es un viaje con agua y con estrellas, con aire ahogado y bruscas tempestades de harina: amar es un combate de relampágos y dos cuerpos por una sola miel derrotados. (p. 220; ch. 11).

From those two paragraphs, the first one was the narration of the novel which is written from Andrea’s point of view. She talks about her wedding invitation, and that in the first page of the invitation, there is a poem from Pablo Neruda. The second paragraph is the poetic function of code switching. She writes the poem of Pablo Neruda directly, which is written in Spain without translating it into Indonesian.

Another example of using the poetic function is when someone quotes a song. It happened in this illustration, a conversation between two best friends. They are talking about a new song from their favorite band.

J: Do you know the song of iKON? The tittle is Wait for Me. K: Yes, of course I know.

J: Please tell me the lyric of the song before this part. gidaryeo jigeum neoegero gal tenikka, eodie itgeon gal tenikka.

K: Ah, that part. Oh neowa na gateun haneul arae isseodo mannal sun eobtjiman nareul mideojwo I’ll be there for you.

The poetic function of the conversation occurs two times here. The first one is when J sang the song in order to ask K about the part before that part. The second one is when K sang the lyric before the part that J asked before.

B. Theoretical Framework

This section briefly describes the summarized and synthesized theories which are used to answer the research questions. As this research has two research questions, which are related to the types of code switching and the speech functions of code switching, there are also two theories which are used. The first research question will be analyzed by using Poplack’s theory. The second question will be analyzed by using Appel and Muysken’s theory.

The researcher used a theory which is proposed by Poplack in 1980 to answer the first research question. According to Poplack (1980), there are three types of code switching. The first one is called as tag switching; the second one is inter-sentential code switching; and the last one is intra-sentential code switching. 1. Tag switching is code switching which includes the use of a tag, for example

I mean, yeah, you see, anyway, etc.

2. Intra-setential switching is code switching which is usually in the form of a word or a phrase within a single sentence.

3. Inter-sentential switching is code switching which happens between sentences and is usually in the form of a clause or a sentence.

In analyzing the speech functions of code switching, the researcher used a theory from Appel and Muysken (1987). According to Appel and Muysken (1987), there are six speech functions of code switching. They are referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions.

1. The referential function is oftenly mistaken by people as the result of lacking in mastering and understanding languages.

2. The directive function is aimed to include or exclude a person from the part of conversation or discussion.

3. The expressive function is used to express the speakers feeling, whether it is joy, sadness, anger, excitement, etc.

4. The phatic function is used when the speakers want to stress or emphasize some words which are considered as important things.

5. The metalinguistic function is used when someone wants to show off his or her linguistic skills in order to impress other people.

6. The phatic function is used to quote or tell stories, songs, jokes, which are originaly in foreign language. It is usually used as entertainment purposes.

26 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology used by the researcher in conducting this research. There are four sections in this chapter. The first section is research method, which describes the method used in this research. The second section is source of data, in which it provides the source used in gathering the data of the research. The third section provides the instruments and data gathering techniques. The last section describes the technique used in analyzing the data.

A. Research Method

In this research, the researcher used qualitative research. According to Hancock (2002, p. 6), “qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomenon”. In addition, Taylor and Bogdan (2000) state that qualitative research aims to present rich descriptions of phenomena. Besides, qualitative research also “aims to help us to understand the social world in which we live and why things are the way they are” (Hancock, Ockleford, and Windridge; 2009, p. 6). Mayring in 2014 also adds that qualitative research is an open, explorative, descriptive, and interpretive conception. As addition, Grix (2004) states that qualitative research usually involves in-depth investigation of knowledge, such as archival or other documentary analysis. As the explanations

above, this research presents an explanation of social phenomenon of code switching which was used by Keara in a descriptive way. Qualitative research helped the researcher in gaining deeper understanding about the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in the novel.

In order to answer the research questions of this research, the researcher conducted a content analysis. Silverman (2001) states that “content analysis is an accepted method of textual investigation, particularly in the field of mass communication” (p. 159). In 2004, Krippendorff defines that content analysis is “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use” (p. 233). He adds that content analysis can be taken with any written materials. As what Krippendorff said, the data can be taken from any written materials such as books, magazines, articles, novels, documents and newspaper. However, other materials or sources such as songs, videos, movies, and speeches can also be used by using their transcript. In this research, the source which is used is in the form of a novel.

B. Source of Data

In conductiong this research, the researcher used a novel entitled Antologi Rasa which is written by Ika Natassa as the main source to gather the data. The novel has been published in two editions, and the latest edition was completed with some illustrations of the scenes. All of the editions of the novel were published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in Jakarta. The novel is written in Indonesian. However there are some words, phrases, clauses, and even sentences

written in English. The switch of language between Indonesian to English (code switching) happens quite often in the novel, therefore the researcher could get a lot of data from the novel. However, in this research, the researcher only focused on analyzing the code switching used by Keara, the main character of the novel. Therefore, it i makes this research different from other research.

C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In order to acquire the data, the researcher used content analysis as this research is qualitative research. Therefore, there were two instruments which were used here. The first one was human instrument and the second one was document. 1. Human Instruments

In qualitative research, just like this research, the researcher can be included as the instrument of data collection (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). It meant that the data are gathered through this human instrument or the researcher. The role of the researcher is more etic—from an outside view, therefore the role of the researcher is more objective. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh (2003), the researcher is the key in obtaining the data for the research. The researcher also acts as the data collector in answering the research questions.

2. Documents

Another instrument which was used in this research was in the form of a document. In order to get the data, the researcher read the document which in this research is a novel. Annum (2016, p. 4) says that:

Although reading is more to do with literature review, it is also instrument for studying public documents such as newspapers, minutes of meetings

and privates documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not be alive at the time of the research.

Ary, Jacobs, and Razavich (2002, p. 424) also support the statement, that in qualitative research which “dealt with human situation, researcher need a flexible instrument who could read that documents or talk with other people”. Therefore the instruments used in the research were the researcher (human instrument) and the document (novel).

The data in this research were gathered by the researcher through the novel. First, the researcher listed all the code switching which was used by Keara in the novel. After all the data were gathered, the next step was coding and classifying the data into two categories, based on the types and speech functions of code switching.

D. Data Analysis Technique

To analyze the data, there are two steps which can be used: giving codes and arranging them according to the theme or the hypotheses we have; or through content analysis. Therefore, here the researcher, in order to analyze the data, made some codes and put them into a table of categorizations. The table was made based on the research questions in this research which are the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara. After the table was formed, the researcher then classified those listed words into the suitable column. The following table was the blueprint which will be used by the researcher to analyze the data.

Table 3.1. Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara

# P a g e Dialo gue/ Mon ologu e Cod e Swi tchi ng Context Types of Code Switchin g

Speech functions of Code Switching

P Pr T T

S In tC S It r C S R F D F E F P F M F P o F E P

1 2 3 Ask Becky Bloo mwoo d. ask Hote l in Sing apor e Kear a, mon olog ue The meaning of happiness for every person   … … Notes: Abbreviations: # : Number P : Place

Pr : Participant(s) T : Topic

TS : Tag switching IntCS : Inter-sentential code switching

ItrCS : Intra-sentential code switching

RF : Referential function DF : Directive function EF : Expressive function PF : Phatic function

MF : Metalinguistic function PoF : Poetic function

EP : Expressive and Phatic functions

The table helped the researcher in listing the code switching used by Keara. Here, the researcher added a new category as there are some words which explain more than one functions. Those words represent expressive and phatic functions. After the data were gathered, those data were put into the table in a complete version (in the form of monologues or dialogues) with chronological order, which was based

on the page number. Then, the context of the dialogues or monologues was added to support the analysis. The next step was classifying the data according to the types and speech functions of using code switching. Last, the total frequency of each category was added to form the data findings.

32 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides the research findings and the discussion. The first section discusses about the research findings on the types and speech functions of code switching. The second section deals with the discussion of the types and speech functions of code switching.

A. Research Findings

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

This part aims to present the findings on the types of code switching used by Keara. It is to answer the first research question as stated in Chapter I. In analyzing the types of code switching, this research is using Poplack’s theory (1980). According to her, there are three types of code switching: tag switching, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential code switching. Based on the theory, the researcher had made a list of the data findings. The findings showed that there are 726 code switching used by Keara. Therefore, the result showed that the most frequent type used in the novel is intra-sentential code switching, while the least used is tag switching. The complete data of the findings is presented in the table below.

Table 4.1. The Data Findings of the Types of Code Switching Types of Code Switching Quantity Percentage (%)

Tag Switching 53 7.3%

Inter-sentential Code Switching (IntCS) 246 33.8% Intra-sentential Code Switching (ItrCS) 428 58.95%

Total 726 100%

As seen on the table above, the most frequent type used by Keara is intra-sentential switching. It is because Keara used code switching mostly in the form of words or phrases within a single sentence. Even though intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult, however Keara showed that she could use intra-sentential switching well enough without violating the grammar rules. It is also a proof that she has good understanding in both languages, English and Indonesian.

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa This part presents the findings on the speech functions of using code switching by Keara. As stated in Chapter I, this research uses Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987) in order to classify the speech functions of code switching. There are six speech functions: the referential function, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. The result showed that there are 41 referential functions, 0 directive function, 197 expressive functions, 146 phatic functions, 271 metalinguistic functions, 34 poetic functions, and 37 combinations of expressive and phatic functions. In order to make it clearer, the findings of the speech functions are presented in the following table.

Table 4.2. The Data Findings of the Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara

Speech Functions of Code Switching Quantity Precentage (%)

Referential functions 41 6%

Directive functions 0 0%

Expressive functions 197 27%

Phatic functions 146 20%

Metalinguistic functions 271 37.4%

Poetic functions 34 4.6%

Combination of Expressive and Phatic

functions 37 5%

Total 726 100%

From the data findings above, it can be seen that the most frequent speech function of code switching used by Keara is metalinguistic function. Therefore, the least frequently used speech function of code switching used by Keara is the poetic function. Here, Keara did not use the directive function. As the explanation on the previous chapter, one of the goals of using the directive function is to exclude some people from the part of a conversation. Keara was the type of person who spoke only to people she liked. She did not talk with stranger or else. She was also a woman who talked about everything she liked.

B. Research Discussion

The data findings showed on how frequent Keara used code switching. It seemed that she has been accustomed to code switch in her daily activities in communicating with others especially her close friends. The use of code switching here was also influenced by the background of Keara and other characters. It was stated in the novel that all of the characters had been spending their time abroad, especially Keara.

Hoffman (1991) states that there are various reasons of code switching, it can be contextual, situational, and personal. He also adds that bilingual or multilingual, in informal situation may code switch a lot. Keara had moved from one town to another, from one country to another. When she was 9 years old, her father got a duty to work in Houston, Texas, and it made her moved to Houston. It is also stated in the novel that Keara continued her study as a freshmen in New York University. It is one of the reasons on why someone, whether a bilingual or multilingual uses code switching. Moreover, they have already known each other well and shared the same educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic. Here, Keara often used code switching when she talked with her friends, Dinda, Harris, and Ruly who were also working as bankers. They shared the same educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic. Keara also used code switching when she talked to Panji. Even though Panji was not a banker, but they shared the same socio-economic background and ethnic.

Furthermore, the discussion on the types and speech functions of code switching were explained in the separate sections. It was in order to make the explanation clearer since the same topic was discussed in the same section. The first section was about the types of code switching, and the second section was about the speech functions of code switching.

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

This research used Poplack’s theory (1980) in discussing about the types of code switching. There are three types of code switching here. The first one is tag

switching. The second one is inter-sentential code switching. The last one is intra-sentential code switching.

a. Tag Switching

Tag switching is the one which is related to the inclusion of a tag. It does not need a great understanding of both languages. Moreover, tag switching can be put in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. The example of tag switching used by Keara is shown in the following dialogue, between her and Dinda. They were best friends since they were in the university, and they also shared the same background. They were accustomed to use code switching.

Dinda: Crap. You’re in trouble, babe.

Keara: Yeah, I know. So you see, gue memang ga bisa menjelaskan, Din. Dialogue, p. 27 The dialogue took place when Keara and Dinda were having lunch in Canteen, Pacific Place. Therefore, it is in informal situation. They were talking about Ruly. The guy whom Keara loved, who did not know Keara’s drinking habit. Therefore, Dinda said that Keara is in trouble.

Here, Keara responded it with many tag switching. She said ‘yeah, I know’ and ‘so you see’. The words ‘yeah, I know’ and ‘so you see’ can be used by almost all people. It does not need high knowledge of English to say those words. Those tag switching also expressed on how desperate Keara was. She did not know the reason of loving Ruly and she also needed to pretend be a nice woman who did not drink in front of Ruly. Another example of tag switching here is in the monologue bellow.

Anyway, inti cerita film itu adalah teknologi yang memungkinkan orang untuk memasuki alam bawah sadar orang lain.

Monologue, p. 62 The monologue is when Keara was shopping crazily in ION Orchard Road. She talked about The Cell movie. However, the point here is that she wanted to try that technology created in the movie. She wanted to try it so she could forget Ruly from her mind. The tag switching here is ‘anyway’. It is because ‘anyway’ can be put in the beginning of the sentence or in the end of the sentence. It is moveable.

Both of the examples above are the use of tag switching in front of the sentence. Here is another example of tag switching which is in the end of the sentence. It is when Keara wanted to forget Ruly from her mind. In order to do that, she went to a club in Singapore, Zirca.

Dan Ruly pernah bilang…oh great, see, Rul?

Monologue, p. 70 The tag switching here is ‘oh great, see’. She expressed her feeling by using the tag switching ‘oh great, see’. Even in a crowded and noisy place like Zirca, she could not even forget about Ruly. At that time, she was thinking about some ways to forget Ruly. She thought about some drugs like decontaminant, fumigant, disinfectant, and many more. However, in the mindle of her thought, she suddenly remembered about what Ruly has said to her. Here is another example of code switching happened in the middle of a sentence.

Memang untuk kerja selama seminggu penuh, but still, for me Bali is Bali.

The tag switching here is ‘but still’. Keara used code switching here to express her feeling. She was supposed to work in Bali for one week. However, she still thought that Bali was Bali. Bali for her was a place to walk around, take some pictures, shopping, etc. In short, Bali was a place to have fun for Keara. That is why she said ‘but still’.

b. Inter-sentensial Code Switching

The use of inter-sentential switching is quite often in the dialogues and monologues performed by Keara. As stated before that inter-sentential switching happens in the form of clause or sentence between sentences. Here is the example of inter-sentential switching, performed in the dialogue between Keara and Dinda. Keara and Dinda were best friends since they were in the university. Both of them had mastered English well and therefore they were accustomed to use code switching when they talked.

Keara: What the hell do you think you were doing? Dinda: Maksudnya?

Keara: Buat apa tadi lo harus pakai ngobrol-ngobrol beramah-tamah dengan si Harris segala?

Dinda: Aduh, Key, masih ya? Kejadiannya kan juga udah setahun yang lalu.

Keara: He fucked me when I was drunk. Mau berapa tahun pun fakta itu nggak berubah.

Dinda: Keara, in all fairness, you fucked him when he was drunk too, right?

Dialogue, p. 232-233 The dialogue is when Keara saw Dinda talked to Harris when they were in Changi. They accidently met there. Harris just watched F1 race, whereas Dinda and Keara were from Manila, watching John Mayer’s concert. The dialogue happened in informal situation.

Keara said “He fucked me when I was drunk. Mau berapa tahun pun fakta itu nggak berubah.” At the first, Keara spoke in English and changed to Indonesian to finish her sentences. The code switching here is inter-sentential switching in the level of sentence. Both sentences were in different languages. However, they completed each other.

Another example of inter-sentential switching is shown in the following monologue. This monologue was when Keara thought about Panji. She still thought that Panji was only playing with her. Therefore, whatever Panji did to show that he loved Keara, Keara only saw it as a way for Panji to win the game.

Aku tahu ini mungkin saja satu dari sekian banyak caranya untuk membuatku jatuh cinta jatuh bangun—I am officially insane for quoting a dangdut song—memuja dirinya.

Monologue, p. 255 Here, the code switching is in the form of a clause which is a part of a sentence. The clause here explained about Keara’s feeling on why she used or quoted a dangdut song to express her thought about Panji.

c. Intra-sentential Code Switching

Intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult one. Even so, the most frequent code switching found in this novel is intra-sentetial switching. This type seems to be simple since it is usually in a form of word or phrase. However, if the speaker does not have a high understanding of the grammatical rule or part of speech, it can be resulted as grammatical violations. Here, there are two examples of intra-sentential switching.

The first one is in the monologue bellow. It was when Keara arrived in Rumah Sakit Pondok Indah, and she had to inform Denise’s parents about an accident that happened to Denise.

Jadi aku meraih BlackBerry-ku di handbag, mencari nama ibu Denise di contacts, dan menghabiskan lima menit bicara berganti-gantian dengan ayah dan ibu Denide di telepon, berusaha setenang mungkin walaupun ibunya sudah jejeritan di ujung telepon sana, dan sekuat mungkin menahan air mata saat akhirnya pembicaraan di telepon kami tutup.

Monologue, p. 266 The intra-sentential switching are ‘handbag’ and ‘contacts’. However, the clearest one is ‘contacts’. ‘Contacts’ are noun. When the speaker does not aware of the use of part of speech, it may result in grammatical violation. For example, when the word ‘contacts’ are replaced with ‘contacting’ which is a verb.

The second example is the example where people may think that Keara was violating grammatical rule. It was when Keara talked about Denise and Kemal, Denise’s husband.

Yang kutahu hanya bahwa dengan begitu banyak masalah pernikahan Kemal dan Denise, entah bagaimana caraya mereka make it work dan terlihat bahagia.

Monologue, p. 290-291 For someone who is not aware of using subject-verb agreement, they may think that it is wrong to say ‘make it work’. However, there is a grammatical rule which say that ‘make it’ is followed by verb one. The name of this type of sentence is Causative. It is as the same as ‘let it go’ and ‘let it flow’. We do not say it as ‘let it goes’ and ‘let it flows’. The pattern of causative sentence is make/let/have + subject + verb one. The use of this pattern is to force someone to do something.

Therefore, that is why intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult one. It needs high awareness and understanding of both language.

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa As what has stated before, this section answered the research question number two. Therefore, as stated in Chapter II, this research used Appel and Muysken’s (1987) theory about the speech functions of code switching. There are six speech functions according to Appel and Muysken (1987). However, not all of the six speech functions are used by Keara.

a. The Referential Function

The referential function is used when someone uses code switching because he does not know or cannot find the right word in some languages. It refers to code switching because of the lack of vocabulary or because there is no such terms to describe the word in other languages. It is the most common function that most people are mistaken since they believe that someone who uses code switching is lacking in vocabulary.

In the novel, there are 41 referential functions of code switching. One of them is expressed in the monologue below. The monologue is when Keara had a dinner with Ruly in Kopi Tiam Oey. At that time, Keara was a bit tired after finishing her meeting. Keara’s way to refresh her mind was by taking pictures.

Aku mengangkat mata dari viewfinder kameraku.

Here, Keara said the word ‘viewfinder’ which refers to a small part of a camera that you look through to see what photograph you are going to take. There is no exact term of Indonesian word to describe the word ‘viewfinder’. Therefore, Keara used code switching here as the referential function. Another example of the referential function is shown in the dialogue bellow.

Harris : Abis lo diem terus dari tadi, takut gue. Bukan karena kita terpaksa sekamar dan gue ngoroknya kenceng, kan?

Keara : Ngorok lo emang kenceng, Risjad, ingetin gue beli earplug sebelum kita pulang nanti, ya.

Harris : Ngapain pake earplug? Dengan iPod lo itu aja elo udah sukses ngacangin gue seharian.

Dialogue, p. 55 The dialogue takes place in Bonsai Garden when Keara and Harris just walked around the Orchard Road. Harris was Keara’s best friend. Both of them understood English well. They usually used code switching when they talked to each other. The dialogue happens when they went to Bonsai Garden because the wheater was quite hot. Moreover, Harris was worried because Keara stayed quite all the day.

From the dialogue, Keara said the word ‘earplug’. Here, ‘earplug’ is a small and soft material, such as cotton or plastic that it put into your ear to reduce noises. Actually, the Indonesia term of ‘earplug’ is ‘penyumbat telinga’. However, the term of ‘penyumbat telinga’ is rarely known. Moreover, ‘earplug’ refers to something which is cooler than ‘penyumbat telinga’.

Both of the examples of referential functions are related to technology. Technology is mostly produced in America. That is why most of technology’s

terms are in English. Therefore, most of technology’s terms are not translated into Indonesian.

b. The Directive Function

The directive function aims to include or exclude a person from a part of conversation. People code switch in order to make other people understand the topic of the conversation, or to make other people confuse and do not understand the topic of the conversation. It is usually used when some people want to talk about other people, but the people they want to talk about are the part of the conversation or they are nearby.

From 328 pages of the novel and from 726 code switching used by Keara, there is not even one which is included as the directive function. It happens because Keara did not aim to code switch to include or exclude other people. Moreover, she was in the circumstances when people around her also spoke and understood English. Another reason is that directive function needs longer conversation or discussion. However, the conversations in the novel were often done in a short time with the same topic and same participants. The participants here were no more than four people, and all of them were included as the part of the conversation. When they wanted to talk about something that they did not want other people to know, they never said it to other people, instead, they only spoke it in their mind, which was explained through monologues. Since the focus is Keara, it was shown from her monologues which were explained through Keara’s point of view.

 this is water

44 0 326

You know, seperti yang dibilang Wallace di buku itu: awareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, that we have to keep

reminding ourselves over and over.

 You know

Marina Bay Cir-cuit

Monol ogue, Keara

This is

 awarenes s of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, that we have to keep remindin g

ourselves over and over.

Appendix 2: Synopsis of Antologi Rasa Novel

Antologi Rasa

Keara

Karena kebaikan hatimu malam ini hanya mengingatkanku

kembali pada satu fakta yang talah kucoba kubur dalam-dalam: bahwa apa yang ada di antara kita mungkin takkan pernah bisa seperti yang ditulis Shakespeare, “Journey ends in lovers meeting”. Our Journeys are always interwined but never the same anyway, right? Aku mengejar kamu dan kamu mengejar Denise. Ini seperti cat-and-maouse game yang tidak pernah jelas siapa kucing dan siapa tikusnya.

Harris

Gue merasa seperti terjebak dalam adegan sinetron yang mau gue bunuh saja penulis skripnya. Kenapa segenap alam semesta ini tidak bisa membiarkan Ruly, Keara, dan gue bahagia? Biarkan Ruly akhirnya diterima cintanya sama Denise, biarkan si Kemal suami Denise itu jauh-jauh saja ke Timbuktu sana, biarkan gue mencintai Keara, dan biarkan Keara menatap gue dan memeluk gue dan menerima cinta gue, dan Panji cuma kutu anjing yang bisa dibasmi dengan bedak Doris dan tidak pernah ada lagi di antara kami.

Ruly

Tempat ini jauh mengalahkan kamar rumah sakittempat gue bisa bersama Denise, karena di tempat yang sama itu juga ada suaminya yang dia cintai, bukan gue. Ruang tamu berukuran empat kali empat ini terasa nyaman karena di sebelah gue ada Keara, sahabat gue yang dari tadi membawa gue ke dalam dunianya dan berhasil membuat gue sesaat melupakan perempuan paling sempurna yang pernah gue kenal. Yang kekurangannya cuma satu, tapi kekurangan itu juga paling menyiksa gue: sudah jadi milik orang lain.

Three best friends. One love story. Classic. Unpredictable plot.

This novel tells us about a classic love story between three best friends or four. Wrapped in a nearly reality, but in a nice way, and ended up in an unpredictable plot.

Appendix 3: About Ika Natassa, the Author of Antologi Rasa Novel

Ika Natassa is a banker, writer, and photographer. She was born in Medan, North Sumatera on 1977. However, she spent a great deal of her time in overseas. In 2004, she was one of the ten finalists of Cosmopolitan magazine’s Fun Fearless Female. In 2010, she was also awarded with the title Women Icon from The Marketeers. In the same

year, she finally decided to self-publish her first book “Underground” with the assistance of Indonesia’s first and only self-publishing company Nulisbuku.com. Her specialties are Relationship management, loan portfolio management, financial and business feasibility analysis, project management, wholesale transaction banking, corporate culture.

Now LitBox, Bank Mandiri, a Project Leader

- Wholesale Transaction Banking at Bank Mandiri, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Recently 1. ACTEW Corporation Limited -

Canberra, Australia.

2. Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries - Darwin, Australia

Apprentice in the Corporate Finance Division

ACTEW Corporation Limited - Canberra, Australia on Oktober 1998 –

November 1998.

Apprentice Department of Primary Industry and

Fisheries - Darwin, Australia September 1998 – October 1998.

Experience and voluntary issue Australia-Indonesia Youth Exchange Program December 1998 – until now.