Urinary System The eye
2.9 Urinary System
The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration and selective re-absorption of them into the blood. It excretes via urine unwanted waste products including toxins, made water- soluble by metabolism in the liver. Source: US Federal Government via Wikimedia commons Figure 2.9 – Urinary System 1. Kidneys, 2. Ureter, 3. Bladder, 4. Urethra Toxins can damage the kidney which in turn affects calcium metabolism, acid- base balance and re-absorption of water. In acute renal failure, urine flow may cease altogether. lonising radiation can cause renal cell damage and fibrosis. Because urine is concentrated and delayed within the bladder, exposure to this organ is far longer than to the rest of the urinary tract. It is thus far more susceptible to industrially induced cancers.2.10 The eye
The eyes need no explanation as to their functions. It is also clear that they are relatively fragile. Eyes are protected to an extent by the frontal bones above them and the eyelids, together with the blink reflex. Eyelashes keep 34 dust particles away and tears provide a dilution factor for intruding chemicals and sterilisation against infecting agents. Due to their fragile construction eyes are particularly susceptible to injury. Penetrating wounds can lead to corneal damage, cataract and retinal detachment, any of which can cause blindness. Damage to the iris can provoke a sympathetic reaction in the other eye and total blindness. Acids and alkalis will burn the cornea. Alkalis are especially dangerous as they sting less, and by the time the victim realises and washes them away, the front of the eye can have been dissolved. Any irritant gases, like sulphur dioxide and ammonia can cause conjunctivitis characterised by redness, discomfort and watering of the eyes. Allergens like plants and dyes sometimes produce a similar reaction. An extremely painful conjunctivitis including photophobia unwillingness to look at light follows a few hours after exposure to ultra-violet radiation used in welding. The condition is known as arc eye and usually involves the cornea as well as conjunctiva keratoconjunctivitis. Cataracts lens opacities result from trauma a penetrating wound or severe blow, heat glass workers eye and irradiation lasers and microwaves. Retinal burns can be caused by infra-red radiation and lasers. Cataracts can be removed and replaced by artificial lenses or contact lenses. Retinal burns and tears produce irrevocable damage to that area of vision blind spots. Source: Wikimedia commons Figure 2.10 - The Eye 35 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF TOXICOLOGY3.1 Introduction
Parts
» Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» History Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» The Importance of Occupational Hygiene
» Dermatitis Physical damage Skin
» Musculo Skeletal System Nervous System
» The circulatory system Endocrine system
» The Blood Respiratory system
» The Gastro Intestinal Tract The Liver
» Introduction Terms Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Physical Form Dose Route of entry absorption
» Metabolism Excretion Response to toxins
» Crystalline silica Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Machine made mineral fibre MMMF
» Welding Fume Isocyanates Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Wood Dust Pharmaceuticals Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Petroleum Products Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Mining Metal use and refining
» Define the extent of the assessment Gather Information
» Introduction Hazard and Risk Expert Systems and Control Banding
» Sampling Techniques Types of Sampling
» Particle size Elements of a sampling system
» Sampling Equipment Sampling for gases and vapours
» Sampling Methods Fixed Position Sampling
» Sampling Equipment Sampling Records Introduction
» Setting of Hygiene Standards and Exposure Limits Biological Monitoring Guidance Values
» EliminationSubstitution Isolation Segregation Engineering Controls - Ventilation
» Administrative Controls Types of Control Measures
» Information, Instruction and Training Personal Protective Equipment PPE
» Vision X-rays Neurological tests Audiometry Types of Control
» General Considerations InletsHoods General Features of an LEV System
» Ductwork Air Cleaners General Features of an LEV System
» Legal requirements Regular Maintenance Thorough Examination and Testing
» Properties of Asbestos Uses of Asbestos Airborne Asbestos Fibres
» Health Hazards of Asbestos Asbestos Register .1 Function of the Asbestos Register
» Introduction to Biological Hazards
» Hepatitis B Blood Borne Diseases
» Anthrax ACDP Group 3 Leptospirosis Hazard group 2
» Moulds Pandemics Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Genetic modification Background Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Health Effects of Excessive Noise
» Addition of Sound Levels Frequency Analysis Decibel Weightings
» Assessment of Workplace Noise
» Control of Workplace Noise Protection of Personnel at Risk
» Exposure to Vibration Health Effects of Vibration
» Measurement of Vibration Heat Transfer from the Body
» Duration of Exposure Dry Bulb Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Velocity
» Heat Stress Indices Thermal Comfort Cold Stress Introduction
» Infrared IR Radiation Laser Radiation Microwave Radiation
» Evaluation of Illumination Glare Good Illumination
» Evaluation of Non-Ionising Radiation Nature
» External and Internal Radiation Levels of Radiation Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation
» Uses of Radiation Industrial Measurement of Radiation Radiological Protection
» Health Surveillance Introduction Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Making a Manual Handling Assessment Methods of Reducing Risk
» Workplace Risk Assessment Repetitive Tasks
» Possible Effects from Using DSE Postural Problems Upper limb pains and discomfort
» Making an Assessment Identification of DSE Users Minimum Requirements for Workstations
» Motivation and Behaviour Modification
» Symptoms of stress Assessment of Stress
» Management of Stress Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» In-house services Occupational Hygiene Practice
» Consultancy Occupational Hygiene Practice
» State agencies Research and Teaching
» Service Provision Staffing Facilities Quality assurance
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