Introduction Terms Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
3.1 Introduction
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of substances on living organisms. Industrial toxicology is concerned with the adverse effects on workers of substances handled in the workplace, although interest usually extends to adverse effects of products on consumers and of workplace effluents on the general public. Historically toxicology was the art and science of poisoning. It is today a discipline which makes use of information developed by a wide range of chemical, physical, biological and medical sciences in order to predict the likely adverse effects on man of an ever-increasing range of substances to which he is exposed.3.2 Terms
Toxicity is the innate ability of substances to injure living things. Hazard assessment is the prediction of the toxic effects that will be evident under defined conditions of exposure. Risk assessment is the prediction of the probability that defined toxic effects will occur under defined conditions of exposure in a single person or a defined population. Substance covers a wide range of materials including single chemical compounds or mixtures of these, simple or complex naturally occurring or synthetically produced substances and micro-organisms. Substances may be chemically pure or contain additives or impurities and may be in the form of solids, liquids, gases, dusts, fibres, fumes or aerosols. Some e.g. fumes, dusts and aerosols may be difficult to identify. Substances to which man might be exposed in the workplace include materials used, packed, collected, stored, handled, disposed of or otherwise encountered. They may be final products, formulations, intermediates, components, off spec products, by-products, wastes and residues. 36 They may be materials used or which arise during maintenance or repair of plants or buildings or they may be formed or used during research, development or testing. NB. The above terms are used loosely by many people. For example the term toxicity is often used instead of toxic hazard, and toxic risk instead of toxic hazard. This is particularly so in relation to what people call risk assessment.3.3 Basic Concepts
Parts
» Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» History Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» The Importance of Occupational Hygiene
» Dermatitis Physical damage Skin
» Musculo Skeletal System Nervous System
» The circulatory system Endocrine system
» The Blood Respiratory system
» The Gastro Intestinal Tract The Liver
» Introduction Terms Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Physical Form Dose Route of entry absorption
» Metabolism Excretion Response to toxins
» Crystalline silica Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Machine made mineral fibre MMMF
» Welding Fume Isocyanates Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Wood Dust Pharmaceuticals Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Petroleum Products Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Mining Metal use and refining
» Define the extent of the assessment Gather Information
» Introduction Hazard and Risk Expert Systems and Control Banding
» Sampling Techniques Types of Sampling
» Particle size Elements of a sampling system
» Sampling Equipment Sampling for gases and vapours
» Sampling Methods Fixed Position Sampling
» Sampling Equipment Sampling Records Introduction
» Setting of Hygiene Standards and Exposure Limits Biological Monitoring Guidance Values
» EliminationSubstitution Isolation Segregation Engineering Controls - Ventilation
» Administrative Controls Types of Control Measures
» Information, Instruction and Training Personal Protective Equipment PPE
» Vision X-rays Neurological tests Audiometry Types of Control
» General Considerations InletsHoods General Features of an LEV System
» Ductwork Air Cleaners General Features of an LEV System
» Legal requirements Regular Maintenance Thorough Examination and Testing
» Properties of Asbestos Uses of Asbestos Airborne Asbestos Fibres
» Health Hazards of Asbestos Asbestos Register .1 Function of the Asbestos Register
» Introduction to Biological Hazards
» Hepatitis B Blood Borne Diseases
» Anthrax ACDP Group 3 Leptospirosis Hazard group 2
» Moulds Pandemics Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Genetic modification Background Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Health Effects of Excessive Noise
» Addition of Sound Levels Frequency Analysis Decibel Weightings
» Assessment of Workplace Noise
» Control of Workplace Noise Protection of Personnel at Risk
» Exposure to Vibration Health Effects of Vibration
» Measurement of Vibration Heat Transfer from the Body
» Duration of Exposure Dry Bulb Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Velocity
» Heat Stress Indices Thermal Comfort Cold Stress Introduction
» Infrared IR Radiation Laser Radiation Microwave Radiation
» Evaluation of Illumination Glare Good Illumination
» Evaluation of Non-Ionising Radiation Nature
» External and Internal Radiation Levels of Radiation Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation
» Uses of Radiation Industrial Measurement of Radiation Radiological Protection
» Health Surveillance Introduction Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» Making a Manual Handling Assessment Methods of Reducing Risk
» Workplace Risk Assessment Repetitive Tasks
» Possible Effects from Using DSE Postural Problems Upper limb pains and discomfort
» Making an Assessment Identification of DSE Users Minimum Requirements for Workstations
» Motivation and Behaviour Modification
» Symptoms of stress Assessment of Stress
» Management of Stress Basic Principles is Occupational Hygiene 2010
» In-house services Occupational Hygiene Practice
» Consultancy Occupational Hygiene Practice
» State agencies Research and Teaching
» Service Provision Staffing Facilities Quality assurance
Show more