Review of Related Studies

discourse as well as physical actions are performed by particular characters in a work, and are the means by which they exhibit moral and dispositional quali ties” 1993: 159. It also means that the actions and attitudes of the characters can be seen through plot. Gustav Freytag as guided by Guerin mentions that plot is divided into five sections; “exposition, rising action, climax or turning point, falling action, and denouement comedy or catastrophe tragedy” Guerin, 1979:8. The exposition is “the background information needed to properly understand a story” Guerin, 1979:8. It means that to find the exposition, the reader has to know about the basic information of the story, such as the basic conflict or the setting. After that, the writer can find the rising action from the story. The rising action is “the inciting moment sets the remainder of the story in motion” Guerin, 1979:8. But before finding out the rising action, the writer has to know the basic conflict which is complicated by “the introduction of other conflicts, such as setbacks” Guerin, 1979:8. Then the writer can decide the climax from the story. The climax “marks a major change for the protagonist” Guerin, 1979:8. It means that the character will face his ultimate test that happens in the story. The falling action comes after the climax. It contains “a moment of final suspense, during which the final outcome of the conflict is in d oubt” Guerin, 1979:8. Conclusion is the final part of the plot. Freytag mentions that in some genres of the story, they can reveal different conclusion. “Comedy ends with denouement conclusion, or wrapping up in which protagonist is better off than at the story’s outset. Tragedy ends with PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI a catastrophe in which the protagonist is destroyed in some way” Guerin, 1979:8.

2. Theory of the Relation between Plot and Character

According to Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing , a character can be disclosed by considering these factors: “what the character say and think, what the character do, what other characters say about himher, and what the autho r says about himher” 1989: 147-148. Therefore, what the character do can show the characters ’ attitude and some ideas beyond it. Another study is taken from Abrams. He states that “characters are persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, emotional qualities that expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do- the action” 1993:23. There is a strong relation between the plot and the character. Abrams also states it clearly in his book that “as a plot progresses it arouses expectations in the audience or reader about the future course of events and actions and how the characters will respond to them” 1993:160. So, it is possible to find out the attitude from the characters that is revealed from the plot. In presenting the characters, the technique adopted can be either showing or telling. In his book, Abrams gives two methods of characterization. He explains that In showing sometimes called the dramatic method, the author presents the characters talking and acting, and leave the reader to infer what