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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Discourse Analysis
Discourse is a broad term with various definitions which integrates a whole palette of meanings
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, covering a large from linguistics, through sociology, philosophy and other disciplines. Discourse, according to Oxford Dictionary is
written or spoken communication or debate a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing means either a text or conversation in linguistics term
specifically.
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The term of discourse analysis was first employed by Zellig Harris as the name for a method for the analysis of connected speech or writing, for
continuing descriptive linguistics beyond the limits of a single sentence at a time and for correlating culture and language.
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According to Fairclough the term refers to the whole process of interaction of which a text is just a part.
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As persuasive ways of experiencing the world, discourse refer to expressing oneself using word. Discourse can be used for
asserting power and knowledge, and for resistance and critique. The speaker
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S Titscher, M Mayer, R Wodak and E Vetter, Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis London: Sage, 2000 pp.42.
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Discomfit: Dis-course noun, verb. Concise Oxford Dictionary Tenth Edition New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
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Kirsten Malmkjaer, The Linguistics Encyclopedia Second Edition London: Routledge, 2002 pp.115.
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Norman Fairclough, Language and Power, London: Longman, 1989 pp. 24.
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conveys hisher ideological content in text as does the linguistic form of the text. That is, selection or choice of linguistic form may not be a live process for the
individual speaker, but the discourse will be a reproduction of that previously learned discourse. Texts are selected and organized syntactic form whose
“content-structure” reflect the ideological organization of a particular area of social life.
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Discourse is often seen into two different ways, as a structure the broader unit of language than sentences and realisation from the functions of language
that is as the use of language to the community, expressive and for referential purposes.
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Stubbs stated that discourse can be understood as language that realized beyond of sentence or clause.
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According to to the Stubbs ‟s statement,
Sobur conveys that discourse mentioned as a language form beyond of sentence that conceive a theme.
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Kridalaksana proposed that the meaning of language is the most complete unit of language, in grammatical hierarchy, it constitute as the
higher and the biggest unit in the form of intact composition, paragraph, sentence or clause that bring the message completely.
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Discourse is the structure occasion manifested to the linguistic behavior.
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In understanding of speech, discourse is highly dependent to the social context that exist. It included social status, right
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B Dellinger, Critical Discourse Analysis, available at http:users.utu.fibredelllicda.htmlm. accessed on March 2014.
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Deborah Schiffrin, Approaches Discourse Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1994 pp.339.
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Michael Stubbs, Discourse Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1983 pp. 1.
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Alex Sobur, Analisis Teks Media, Suatu Pengantar untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002 p p.11
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Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguisti, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001 pp. 231.
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Willis Edmonson, Spoken Discourse, A Model for Analysis New York: Longman, 1981 pp. 4.
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and obligation of interaction participant, and also the background of experience that experienced by each other.
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The presence of discourse needs the requirements of the formation of a discourse its self. The requirements of discourse formation are: the topic, the
existence speech of topics along with it descriptions, and the presence of cohesion and coherence.
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First, the topic is a matter that discussed in the discourse. Second, speech in the form of sentence or sequence of sentence that made the text,
both written and oral. Third, is the Cohesion as a formal relation shown in form, whereas Coherence is a semantic relation between sentence or discourse cross-
section, that is the harmonious relation between one propositions and another, or between one meaning and another meaning.
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B. Critical Discourse Analysis
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