ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD UPGRADING SHELTER SECTOR PROJECT

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD UPGRADING SHELTER SECTOR PROJECT

As mentioned in chapter one, this research sets up the hypothesis about the influence of community participation at preparation and planning stage on community contribution. Green and Haines (2002) have suggested that community development process is a linear process that begins with a community organization building which moves on to visioning, planning, and finally implementation and evaluation.

Our inquiry is to see if community contribution in the implementation of community action plan can be increased by increasing community participation at project preparation and planning stage. In participatory development project, community should be encouraged to involve itself at the preparation stage, which is project socialization, community organization formation, problem reflection and site survey to identify settlement environment problem, community needs, and local resources. Community should also be involved at the planning stage, which are examining, prioritizing, and selecting suitable community needs into community action plan.

In this research, data and information were gathered through field survey, secondary data, and interviews with local actors. Field survey was conducted in Kasemen District, to observe the real condition on NUSSP implementation. Data and information related to the result of NUSSP implementation and other participatory In this research, data and information were gathered through field survey, secondary data, and interviews with local actors. Field survey was conducted in Kasemen District, to observe the real condition on NUSSP implementation. Data and information related to the result of NUSSP implementation and other participatory

The relationship between community participation at preparation and planning stage and community contribution was analyzed in macro and micro level. At macro framework level, it was examined by comparing the framework of NUSSP implementation approach and the framework of other participatory development projects which are implemented in Kasemen District. These participatory development projects are Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project. At the micro level, the relationship between community participation at preparation and planning stage and community contribution was examined by analyzing 3 sub- districts within NUSSP implementation located in Kasemen district, which are Kasemen sub-district, Sawahluhur sub-district, and Banten sub-district.

(1) The Community Participation in the Implementation of Participatory Development Project

In this part, the community participation in NUSSP implementation is analyzed at macro framework level by comparing NUSSP implementation approach and other participatory development projects which are implemented in Kasemen District, which are Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project. These participatory development projects have been chosen for analysis because of its similarity in In this part, the community participation in NUSSP implementation is analyzed at macro framework level by comparing NUSSP implementation approach and other participatory development projects which are implemented in Kasemen District, which are Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project. These participatory development projects have been chosen for analysis because of its similarity in

In detail, these participatory development projects, however, have a difference in the details of their approach in encouraging community participation. By comparing those differences in participatory development projects, especially the differing point where these three projects put emphasize on community participation in the project cycle, the typology of participatory development was made and also its implication on the achievement of community contribution.

• General Framework of Project

The main problems, which is faced by Indonesia Government in housing and settlement development, is limited capability of government to provide the infrastructure and housing to the increasing number of population in expanding urban slum area. The third policy of National Policy and Strategy of Housing and Settlement that is to create a healthy, safe, harmonious and sustainable housing development- has been promoted to be achieved by implementing some projects as efforts to improve the quality of life of low-income people. Some participatory development project has been implemented not only to improve the physical aspects The main problems, which is faced by Indonesia Government in housing and settlement development, is limited capability of government to provide the infrastructure and housing to the increasing number of population in expanding urban slum area. The third policy of National Policy and Strategy of Housing and Settlement that is to create a healthy, safe, harmonious and sustainable housing development- has been promoted to be achieved by implementing some projects as efforts to improve the quality of life of low-income people. Some participatory development project has been implemented not only to improve the physical aspects

NUSSP, Rural PNPM Project, and Urban PNPM Project, thus, were implemented in Indonesia based on community participation. The purpose of NUSSP is to create local government and communities which have the capacity and ability in developing healthy, productive, livable, and sustainable housing and settlement. This purpose is slightly different from other projects. The purpose of Rural PNPM Project is to increase prosperity and job opportunities for low-income family in rural areas. It will be achieved by encouraging community independency in making a decision and managing development. For Urban PNPM Project, its purpose is to develop community and local government independency in overcoming poverty problem in a sustainable way.

Target location of these projects is as follows. NUSSP is implemented in urban slums area, while Rural PNPM Project is in a rural area, and Urban PNPM Project in poor urban area. Although there is a difference in target location, these projects have similar stakeholder, which are poor households (including local community organization) and local government. For Urban PNPM Project, in addition to these, stakeholder also involved university, NGO, and mass media.

Project fund sources, which is used for implementing these projects is similar. It comes from National Annual Budget, Local Annual Budget, and Community. Project fund from National Annual Budget is supported from international donor institution. NUSSP is supported by Asian Development Bank Loan, while Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project are supported by World Bank Loan. Rural PNPM Project fund is allocated for district level, and it is used to support community action plan in Project fund sources, which is used for implementing these projects is similar. It comes from National Annual Budget, Local Annual Budget, and Community. Project fund from National Annual Budget is supported from international donor institution. NUSSP is supported by Asian Development Bank Loan, while Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project are supported by World Bank Loan. Rural PNPM Project fund is allocated for district level, and it is used to support community action plan in

Urban PNPM Project is designed to be implemented in multiyear time frame. Local community prepares sub-district medium term development plan based on community needs. Then, it is translated into sub-district annual development plan. It is different from other projects, which were implemented only for a single year. Multi year time frame of project provides more space for community to identify and prioritize community needs. Community also have longer time to understands their situation and organize project implementation.

Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project have quite similar activity that can be funded by project fund. These activities can be divided into three main component, which are infrastructure development component, economic development component, and social development component. In Rural PNPM Project, infrastructure component that can be constructed should have direct benefit to poor people economic situation and health and education facility. Economic development component can be conducted by developing people capacity and skills of economic business groups, and social development component can be conducted by increasing saving and loan for woman group activity. For Urban PNPM Project, physical development component are infrastructure and facilities construction and revolving fund to improve individual resident condition, productive business activity/capital, and community training and education for poor people. More comprehensive development component provide more choice for community to Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project have quite similar activity that can be funded by project fund. These activities can be divided into three main component, which are infrastructure development component, economic development component, and social development component. In Rural PNPM Project, infrastructure component that can be constructed should have direct benefit to poor people economic situation and health and education facility. Economic development component can be conducted by developing people capacity and skills of economic business groups, and social development component can be conducted by increasing saving and loan for woman group activity. For Urban PNPM Project, physical development component are infrastructure and facilities construction and revolving fund to improve individual resident condition, productive business activity/capital, and community training and education for poor people. More comprehensive development component provide more choice for community to

Different decision making level, time frame, and development component can be viewed as the main issue on participatory development project in Kasemen district. According to Act no 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System, planning is defined as a process for determining appropriate future action through a sequence of choice by looking at existing resources. For community level, decision making process provide a chance for the community to participate in identifying and ensuring the better condition of the future.

Lower level of decision making process, longer time frame, and more comprehensive development component provide broader choices for the community to solve their problem. Decision making process of Rural PNPM in preparing community action plan is different from other projects. In Rural PNPM Project, community action plan cannot be decided at sub-district level but must be decided at district level. For NUSSP and Urban PNPM Project, community action plan is prepared, prioritized, and selected by the community themselves at sub-district level. It suggests that the chance of the community to participate in NUSSP and Urban PNPM Project is higher than Rural PNPM Project.

Project time frame of Urban Poverty Project is designed to be implemented in Kasemen district for several years. Community prepares an action plan through sub- district medium-term development plan for five years. Then, it is translated into an annual program to be agreed and implemented for a single year. Neighborhood Upgrading Plan of NUSSP is prepared for a single year in Kasemen district. Rural

PNPM Project is also implemented for a single year. Medium-term development plan for five years, in Urban PNPM Project, has provided broader choice for the community to participate in identifying; not only problem, but also resources and alternative solution to ensure that community problem can be solved by community.

Development component of Urban PNPM Project and Rural PNPM Project are more comprehensive than NUSSP. NUSSP fund can be used only for infrastructure development component. In Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project, there is not only infrastructure development component, but also economic development component and social development component. Rural PNPM Project fund is used to capacity and skills building activity and saving/loan for woman group activity. For Urban PNPM Project, project fund can be used for revolving fund activity, training, and education. More comprehensive development component of Urban PNPM Project and Rural PNPM Project provide broader choices for the community to participate in order to improve their settlement environment.

Table 4.1. Framework of Participatory Development Project

Project

No Variable Implication to Community Participation

NUSSP

Rural PNPM Project

Urban PNPM Project

1 Executing Ministry of Public Works

Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of Public Works

Agency (DG of Human Settlement)

(DG of Village and Community

(DG of Human Settlement)

Empowerment)

2 Purpose Creating local government and

• NUSSP is purposed to settlement community who have capacity

Increasing prosperity and job

Developing community and local

sector, while other project purposes to and ability in developing healthy, family in rural areas by

opportunities for low income

government independency in

increase prosperity and overcome productive, livable, and

overcoming poverty problem in

poverty problem sustainable housing and

encouraging community

sustainable way

• Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM settlement

independency in decision making

and management development

Project have broader project purpose. • NUSSP has lowest chance for community to participate on project

implementation