FIELD RESEARCH ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD UPGRADING SHELTER SECTOR PROJECT IN KASEMEN DISTRICT

CHAPTER 3 FIELD RESEARCH ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD UPGRADING SHELTER SECTOR PROJECT IN KASEMEN DISTRICT

(1) Conceptual Framework

This research is structured from the point of view of community participation approach on the implementation of development project in Kasemen District Serang City, which consists of Kasemen sub-district, Sawahluhur sub-district, and Banten sub-district. It aims to assess the influence of community participation in preparation and planning stage on community contribution at project implementation. In view of that, there are three fundamental questions to be answered. The first is how to encourage community participation in preparation and planning stage of NUSSP. The second is how target community contribution differs in NUSSP implementation. The last question is the relationship between community participation at preparation and planning stage and community contribution.

The conceptual framework of this research is developed from community development model and ladder of community participation concept. The term of development refers to Korten’s definition that development is a process by which the members of a community increase their personal and institutional capacities to organize and manage resources to create sustainable and equitably distributed improvements in their quality of life consistent with their own aspirations.

Community development process of Green and Haines is used to describe the cycle of NUSSP implementation and other development project in Kasemen District. In this context, level of participation among development project and districts is defined on the basis of the ladder of participation proposed by Arnstein.

ove muni

and Evaluation

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de ens

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Ladder of Participation

Figure 3.1. Conceptual Framework of Research

Research location is selected based on the requirement of a conceptual framework. Research location should be implemented some participatory development project which use a different approach: NUSSP, Rural PNPM Project, and Urban PNPM Project. It also should have different level of community contribution in participatory development project implementation. Other criteria are it should have slums settlement area with limited infrastructure. Based on these Research location is selected based on the requirement of a conceptual framework. Research location should be implemented some participatory development project which use a different approach: NUSSP, Rural PNPM Project, and Urban PNPM Project. It also should have different level of community contribution in participatory development project implementation. Other criteria are it should have slums settlement area with limited infrastructure. Based on these

(2) Methodology

The method used in this research is Qualitative Method by using literature, secondary data, interviews, and observation. Literature reviewed in this research is related to community development, community participation, and participatory development project. Secondary data are supported by relevant figures and statistical data related to the national housing and settlement development policy, characteristic of research location, result of NUSSP implementation, and result of other participatory development projects which was implemented in Kasemen District Serang City, which are Rural PNPM Project and Urban PNPM Project. It is collected from the relevant institution, which involve in NUSSP implementation.

Interview was held on August 2009 and March 2010 and the questions composed of several parts, which are 1) community participation at the preparation stage (project socialization, local organization formation, and site survey), 2) community participation in the planning stage (community needs prioritizing and Neighborhood Upgrading Plan formulation), 3) community contribution at the implementation stage, and 4) the improvement for better project implementation. It was used to interview relevant local actors, which involved in NUSSP Interview was held on August 2009 and March 2010 and the questions composed of several parts, which are 1) community participation at the preparation stage (project socialization, local organization formation, and site survey), 2) community participation in the planning stage (community needs prioritizing and Neighborhood Upgrading Plan formulation), 3) community contribution at the implementation stage, and 4) the improvement for better project implementation. It was used to interview relevant local actors, which involved in NUSSP

Community participation on participatory development project is conducted by analyzing the implementation of NUSSP, Rural PNPM Project, and Urban Poverty Projec in Kasemen District. Different community contribution in Kasemen district among these participatory development projects is analyzed by looking at a different approach of these projects.

Community participation on NUSSP implementation is conducted by analyzing NUSSP implementation in Kasemen sub-district, Sawahluhur sub-district, and Banten sub-district. Different community contribution among sub-districts is analyzed by looking different practice of NUSSP implementation.

(3) Kasemen District, Serang City

Serang City is the capital city of Banten Province and located at western Java Island. Derived from Serang Regency Banten Province, Serang City is one of 7 regencies/cities in Banten Province, which is established in 2007 based on Act no 32 Year 2007 on the Establishment of Serang City Banten Province.

Geographically, Serang City’s area is 278,6 km2 wide which are located

0 0 0 between 5 0 50’ – 6 21’ LS and 105 7’ – 106 22’ BT. Longest distance straight line from north to south is about 60 km and longest distances from west to east is about

90 km.

Figure 3.2. Map of Serang City

Source : Local Agency for Development Planning of Serang City

Serang City is divided into 6 districts and 43 sub districts with boundaries as follows: North : Bay of Banten East

: Pontang District, Ciruas District, and Kragilan District Serang Regency South : Cikeusal district, Petir District, Baros District Serang Regency, and West : Pabuaran District, Waringinkurung District, Kramatwatu District Serang

Regency In the mid of 2006, the number of inhabitants in Serang City is 505.510 people (about 115.872 households) with an average density 1.814 people/km2 and spread in

6 districts and 69 sub districts. The population is not equally distributed in Serang 6 districts and 69 sub districts. The population is not equally distributed in Serang

Table 3.1. Population in Serang City Year 2006

Density No

Percentage (people/km2) 1 Cipocok Jaya

100,00% 1.814,47 Source: AMPL Strategic Plan of Serang City Year 2007

Figure 3.3. Percentage of Infrastructure Access in Serang City Year 2006 Source: AMPL Strategic Plan of Serang City Year 2007

In 2006, the extent of slums area in Serang regency reached 47.393 ha slums and it has tended to grow each year, in line with the growth of the population. In addition, the growth of slum areas has also been induced by the limited capability and responsibility of the communities in improving their settlement condition.

Table 3.2. Population in Kasemen District Year 2008

Density No

Wide of Area

Population

Sub-district

Percentage (people/km2) 1 Kasemen

Source: Kasemen District in Figure Year 2009

Kasemen District is one of 6 districts located at Serang City. Its area is about 66,52 km2 wide, which is divided into 11 sub-districts. Sawahluhur sub-district is the widest sub-district in Kasemen District, and its area is about 15,28 km2. On the other hand, Mesjidpriyayi sub-district is the smallest sub-district in Kasemen District, and its area is about 3,81 km2. In the mid of 2007, the number of inhabitants in Kasemen District is 81.695 people (about 18.329 households) with an average density is 1228,13 people/km2. The population is not distributed equally in each sub-district where the highest density is in Kasemen Sub-district (13,41%), and followed by Banten Sub-district (12,53%) and Sawahluhur Sub-district (12,07%). In Kasemen District, NUSSP was implemented on 2008 at three sub-district, which are Kasemen Sub-district, Sawahluhur Sub-district, and Banten Sub-district.

(4) Group Analysis

To analyze each sub-district in Kasemen District area which has implemented NUSSP in 2008, group analysis was used by focusing on population, education To analyze each sub-district in Kasemen District area which has implemented NUSSP in 2008, group analysis was used by focusing on population, education

Table 3.3. Poor People in Kasemen District Year 2008

Household No

Inhabitant

Sub-district

Other Total 1 Kasemen

Very Poor

1.152 372 2.430 Source: Kasemen District in Figure Year 2009 and Aid Giving Agreement of Rural PNPM Project

Table 3.3 describes the number of poor households and very poor households who live in Kasemen Sub-district, Sawahluhur Sub-district, and Banten Sub-district. Banten Sub-district is the highest percentage of the number of poor and very poor households in Kasemen District, up to 37,28% for poor households and 47,41% for very poor households. For Sawahluhur sub-district, although the number of very poor households is smaller than Kasemen sub-district, but the percentage of poor household is higher than Kasemen sub-district. Kasemen sub-district has also more non poor and very poor households. Theinformation of poor and very poor households in Kasemen District show that poor (and very poor) households in Kasemen District are very high. It is higher than the national number of poor people which is 15,42 % (Statistics Indonesia, March 2008). It also suggested that households in Kasemen District have limited ability to deliver a contribution to support limited infrastructure construction fund on the implementation of NUSSP.

Table 3.4. Education Facility in Kasemen District Year 2008

No Sub-district

Madrasah Pesantren

School

School

1 Kasemen 5 6 0 1 6 3 2 Sawahluhur

0 4 0 0 4 5 3 Banten

2 4 0 0 9 6 Source: Kasemen District in Figure Year 2009 and Aid Giving Agreement of Rural PNPM Project Note: Madrasah and Pesantren are Islamic learning institution

Table 3.4 describes the number of education facility in Kasemen Sub-district, Sawahluhur Sub-district, and Banten Sub-district. As the capital city , only Kasemen Sub-district having Senior High School. Kasemen sub-district has also more other education facility than other sub-district. For Banten Sub-district, there are limited formal education facilities, which are 2 kindergartens and 4 elementary schools. However, Banten sub-district has more informal education facilities than other sub- district, which are 9 madrasah and 6 pesantren. Pesantren is Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia, originated from traditional Javanese to study religious philosophies. There are many Pesantren in Banten sub-district, because Pesantren support to citizens at low cost; although today some modern Pesantren charge higher fees than previously, they are still significantly cheaper than formal school. The data of education facility in Kasemen District shows that the ratio of education facility per people is still lower than the national minimum service standard. The national minimum service standard is 1 elementary school per 2000 people, 1 junior high school per 2000 people, and 1 senior high school per 6000 people (National Education Minister Regulation No 24 Year 2007 on Facility and Infrastructure Standar for Elementary School, Junior High School, and Senior High School). It also suggests that citizens have limited capacity to build basic education facility, and they also still needs to be assisted by local government and central government in increasing their capacity in the future.

Table 3.5. Road Condition in Kasemen District Year 2008

No Sub-district

Area

City Road

Village Road (m)

Total

land total 1 Kasemen

1480 7046 10146 Source: Aid Giving Agreement of Rural PNPM Project

Table 3.5 describes about transport infrastructure condition for each sub-district in Kasemen District. Kasemen Sub-district has longest road (10.700 m) than other sub-district, consist of 1300 meter city road and 9400 meter village road. Sawahluhur sub-district has shortest road, consist of 5000 meter city road and 600 meter village road. All of city road is in good condition, but village road condition is in various conditions. As the capital city of Kasemen District, Kasemen Sub-district has longest village road in good condition (5800 meter). The data of road in Kasemen District shows that the ratio of road length per people in Kasemen District is still very low compared to the national minimum service standard. The national minimum service standard is 600 meter per 1000 people for city road and 60 meter per hectare for village road (Minister Settlement and Regional Development Decree number 534/KPTS/M/2001). It also suggested that people mobility to move from one area to other area is still a crucial problem for Kasemen District. It potentially has an impact on the implementation of NUSSP.

Table 3.6. Education of Households in Kasemen District Year 2008

Up to

Graduate from

Graduate from

Graduate from

Total of No Sub-district Elementary

Elementary and

Senior High

school

Junior High School

School

Colleges/ Households University

Source: Kasemen District in Figure Year 2009

Table 3.6 describes the latest education level of households for sub-district in Kasemen District. Kasemen sub-district is inhabited by households which have graduated from Senior High School and Colleges/University more than other sub- district (7,5% and 29,4%). Sawahluhur sub-district is inhabited by households who have graduated from Elementary School and Junior High School more than other sub-district (97,5%). Banten sub-district is inhabited by households who have graduated from (or have been ever studied in) Elementary School more than other sub-district (19,9%). The data of education level of households in Kasemen District suggested that citizens’ consciousness on the implementation of NUSSP, especially in Banten Sub-district, might be limited and has to be ensured by local government and facilitator in order to promote their participation on NUSSP.

Table 3.7. Slums Area in Kasemen District Year 2008

Inhabitants No.

Slums Area

Location

(ha)

Poor Households 1 Kasemen Sub-district

Poor People

254 2 Sawahluhur Sub-district

184 3 Banten Sub-district

Source: Neighborhood Upgrading Plan Database: Kasemen District Year 2008

Table 3.7 describes the size of slums area and the number of people and poor households who live in slums area in Kasemen District. Kasemen sub-district has the largest area of slums area, which is inhabited by 254 poor households spread over

8 locations. The smallest size of slums area is Banten sub-district, which is inhabited by 557 households spread over 4 locations. The data of slums area and its inhabitants suggested that there are still many people who live in slums area. It also means that people awareness on healthy life is still limited and, by implementing NUSSP based 8 locations. The smallest size of slums area is Banten sub-district, which is inhabited by 557 households spread over 4 locations. The data of slums area and its inhabitants suggested that there are still many people who live in slums area. It also means that people awareness on healthy life is still limited and, by implementing NUSSP based

Table 3.8. Water Supply and Sanitation Access in Kasemen District Year 2007

Households having No

Household having

Sub-District