LEXICAL CHANGE IN MEDAN HOKKIEN DIALECT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis would not have been possible without the support and input of
numerous people to whom the writer expresses his deeply gratitude.
The writer would like to express the greatest thanks to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,
M.Pd. and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS. as his advisers for their great ideas, guidance
and patience that lead the writer to the end of completion of this thesis.
The writer also would like to extend his sincere gratitude to the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, the secretary of English
Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Farid Ma’ruf as
an administrator for their assistance regarding the administrative procedures and support
during the writer’s thesis completion process patiently.
The writer’s great thanks also go to his Examiners, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,
M.Hum., Dr.
Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., Dr.
Didik Santoso, M. Pd. for their
suggestions, critiques, opinions, and improvements for this thesis. In addition, the writer
would like to thank to all lecturers for their knowledge and character building during the
process of teaching and learning.
Thanks are due to the members of Indonesia Theravada Buddhist Centre and Romo
Suprianto for their participation in this research. Without their support this research
could not have been carried out. Their help is highly appreciated.
iii
The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to his beloved father Mr. Sutejo
Lim for his continual and unfailing love, patience, guidance, prayer and support over
years and endless faith in the writer’s ability to accomplish this thesis. His huge thanks
are also dedicated to his sisters Fiedya, Mellisa Mega and Fenny Astuti for their love,
and support. The writer’s special love goes to his children Sophie Aurelia Joycelin and
Victor Felix Aurelius for their love, understanding and care without complaining for less
attention given to them during finishing his study.
Medan, August 2016
Jeffry Lim
iv
ABSTRACT
Jeffry Lim. Registration Number: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien
Dialect. A Thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistic Study Program.
The State University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with the lexical change in Medan Hokkien Dialect. It employs
descriptive research. The focus of this study is the lexical creations particularly nouns
which aim to describe: (1) the processes of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect,
(2) to explain the reasons of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect. The Source of
the data were Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers words. The technique of collecting data
used of this study was interview and purposive sampling. The data were analyzed with
Miles and Huberman’s data analysis. The theory of lexical creation in this research
refers to the opinion of Varshney. The Process of lexical creation is divided into two;
internal borrowing included derivations, compounds, shortenings and coinages, and
external borrowing encompass modified lexical creation, total lexical creation and loan
translation. The reasons of lexical creation were analyzed based on Ngom who
explained the need, the prestige and practicality reasons. According to the data analysis,
it was found that lexical creations in Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers utterances
comprises of derivations, compound, shortening, coinages. The second process is the
external lexical borrowing comprises of modified lexical borrowing, total lexical
borrowing; and loan translation. The reasons of lexical creation are the need, the
prestige and the practicality included in some fields such as technology, place, time,
culture, building, food and drink, sport, family, medical term, academy, transportation,
fashion, material and animal. Thus, it implies that lexical creations are aimed to the
Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers able to understand to find a term for naming a new
object, concept, and idea.
i
ABSTRAK
Jeffry Lim. Registration NIM: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien
Dialect. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang membahas tentang perubahan kata dalam
Bahasa Hokkien Medan. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Fokus
dari penelitian ini adalah kreasi kata baru terutama pada kata benda yang bertujuan
untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) proses kreasi kata dalam bahasa Hokkien Medan, (2) untuk
menjelaskan alas an kreasi kata dalam bahasa Hokkien Medan. Sumber data diambil dari
kosa kata penutur bahasa Hokkien Medan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah interview yang berisi kosa kata penutur bahasa Hokkien
Medan dan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles dan
Huberman. Pembagian proses perubahan kata mengacu pada pendapat Varshney. Proses
tersebut dibadi menjadi dua; kreasi kata secara internal termasuk derivasi, kata
majemuk, akronim, dan coinage. Kreasi kata secara eksternal meliputi; pinjaman kata
dari modifikasi, pinjaman kata total dan penerjemahan pinjaman. Ngom menyatakan
kebutuhan, gengsi dan kesederhanaan merupakan faktor utama dalam pembentukan kata
baru. Berdasarkan analisa data yang diambil dari penutur bahasa Hokkien Medan
ditemukan terdiri dari derivasi, kata majemuk, pemendekan kata, coinage. Proses
eksternal terdiri dari pinjaman kata modifikasi, pinjaman kata total, dan penerjemah
pinjaman. Faktor penyebab terjadi kreasi kata adalah kebutuhan, gengsi, dan
kesederhanaan yang biasa ditemukan didalam beberapa bidang yakni pada istilah
teknologi, tempat, waktu, budaya, akademi, material, olahraga, transportasi, fashion,
makanan dan minuman dan hewan. Dengan demikian hal ini menyiratkan bahwa kreasi
kata tersebut bertujuan agar pengguna bahasa Hokkien Medan mampu memahami untuk
menemukan istilah menamai objek, istilah dan ide baru.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study…………………………………...
1
1.2
The Problem of the Study…………………………………….....
4
1.3
The Objectives of the Study………………………………….....
4
1.4
The Scope of the Study………………………………………….
5
1.5
The Significance of the Study……………………………......…
5
CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
Lexical Change………………………………………………….
6
Types of Lexical Change…………..............................................
2.2.1 Loss of Lexical Item
2.2.2 Change of Meaning……………………………...…………
2.2.3 Creation of New Lexical Item……………………………...
2.2.3.1 How are new words created?
2.2.3.1.1 Internal Borrowing…………………………………
2.2.3.1.2 External Borrowing………………………………...
2.3 Reasons of Lexical Borrowing………………………………….
2.3.1 Need………………………………………………………...
2.3.2 Prestige……………………………………………………..
2.4 Word Class……………………………………………………...
2.5 Hokkien Dialect…………………………………………………
2.5.1 Hokkiean Dialect Varieties…………………………………
2.5.2 Medan Hokkien Dialect…………………………………….
2.6 Relevant Studies………………………………………………...
2.7 Conceptual Framework………………………………………….
7
8
9
11
11
12
15
18
18
19
19
22
22
24
26
29
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………...
3.2 The Source and Data of the Study………………………………
3.3 The Technique of Data Collection………………………………
3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis………………………………..
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Data………………………………...
3.5.1 Credibility………………………………………………….
3.5.2 Transferability……………………………………………..
3.5.3 Dependability………………………………………………
3.5.4 Conformability……………………………………………..
32
33
34
35
37
38
38
38
39
2.1
2.2
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, DICUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis
4.1.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect
4.1.1.1 The First Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.2 The Second Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing
4.1.1.3 The Third Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.4 The Fourth Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing .
4.1.1.5 The First Process of External Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.6 The Second Process of External Lexical Borrowing
4.1.1.7 The Third Process of External Lexical Borrowing
4.1.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien
Dialect……………………………………………………..
4.1.2.1 Need……………………………………………….
4.1.2.2 Prestige…………………………………………….
4.1.2.3 Practicality…………………………………………
4.2 Findings………………………………………………………….
4.3 Discussion……………………………………………………….
4.3.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect
4.3.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien
Dialect……………………………………………………..
40
45
46
48
50
50
53
54
56
57
57
59
62
62
64
64
66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………….
5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………….
68
69
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………...
70
LIST OF GRAPHICS ………………………………………………………
vii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………...
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………
ix
vi
LIST OF GRAPHICS
Graphic 1
Cluster of Words in Lexical Creation
44
Graphic 2
Percentage of Internal Lexical Creation Processes
45
Graphic 3
46
Graphic 4
Percentage of External Lexical Creation Processes
Percentage of Lexical Creation Processes
Graphic 5
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Derivation
47
Graphic 6
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Compound
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Coinage
49
52
Graphic 9
Percentage of Field Product
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Lexicon Based on Equivalent
Graphic 10
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Reasons
58
Graphic 11
Fields of Prestige in Medan Hokkien Lexicon
61
Graphic 7
Graphic 8
vii
46
51
55
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Types of lexical change
The Illustration of Conceptual Framework
Miles and Huberman’s Interactive Model
viii
8
30
35
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is the most powerful means of communication. It is through
language that humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feelings. It is
a generally accepted that every language has a vocabulary. Many vocabularies of
languages haven’t been observed. Vocabulary has its dynamics. How actually
the process of vocabulary changes need to be further explored. The investigation
of lexicon study is interesting, because vocabulary is the area where people most
notice in everyday life interaction.
Several researchers have ever done relevant studies of lexical change.
They are: firstly, Ngom (2000) has ever research on Sociolinguistic Motivations
of Lexical Borrowings in Senegal, secondly Su (2005) has ever researched on
Chinese lexical change deals with the sociolinguistic study; thirdly Gao (2008)
has ever researched on lexical changes of Chinese Internet lexical items;,
Fourthly Ali and Mohideen (2010) have ever researched on lexical change for
professional competence in English language education and finally Karũrũ
(2013) has ever research on Borrowing and Communication in Language.
The lexicon is an inventory of a human being’s knowledge of the words
in their language. It is understood broadly as a finite list of stored forms that has
meanings and the possibilities for combining them. Thus, lexicon can be defined
as a list of all possible meaningful parts or combinations of parts of words that
possible to stand alone to produce words. The word is a meaningful morpheme
1
2
unit used in speech or writing and belongs to a specific parts of speech either is
used alone or combined to form a sentence.
Any people in this world is never exactly uses a language in the same
way. According to Tagliamonte (2006:10) different ways of saying more or less
the same thing may occur in every variety of language. It is obvious that because
language varies not only from one individual to another but also from one subsection of speech community to another.
Vocabulary changes as a part of language change. Ottoson (2005:97)
distinguishes language change phenomena as innovation and diffusion.
Innovation is the spontaneous emergence of a novel language feature that was
absent in the previous generation. Diffusion, on the other hand, involves
speakers imitating a novel language feature (an innovation) from another
speaker. Similarly, Ke, Gong and Wang (2008:937) view language change as a
diffusion process of some linguistic elements (linguistic innovations) in a
language community.
Language change can be influenced by changes in the social environment
of the language, in various indirect ways, but also more directly by social
evaluation of specific features of language. On the most general level, one
cannot exclude the possibility that general weakening of the language norms as a
social institution, in times of cultural and social instability, in itself accelerates
language change.
Varshney (1995:283) has distinguished lexical change into three
categories, namely: loss of lexical items, change of meaning and creation of new
words. From this point of view lexical change can be thought as a process in
3
which the word, concepts or meaning are totally or partly replaced by another
lexical item.
One of the most obvious ways in lexical change is addition of new
words. The phenomenon of lexical change does not only happen to other
languages communities but also exists in Hokkien. One of the cases of lexical
change in Hokkien is the creation of new lexical items. In this case, the writer
has only focused on lexical creation. The lexical creation is divided into two
processes: internal lexical creation and external lexical creation.
Internal
lexical
creation
encompasses
derivation,
compounding,
shortening and coinage. Firstly, derivation is the process for internal lexical
creation for example, ‘lao-lang’ which consists of the prefix ‘lao’ plus ‘lang’ that
means old people or parents. Secondly, compounding is the process for internal
lexical creation for example leng-khi that means air-conditioner. It consists of
the word ‘leng’ which represents cool and ‘khi’ which represents air. Thirdly,
shortening is the process for internal lexical creation for example the phrase ‘wa
lang’ become ‘lan’ which mean we. Finally, coinage is the process for internal
lexical creation for example ‘koktong’ which is a brand of coffee product.
On the other hand, external lexical borrowing is created lexical items
derived from other languages. Hokkien words incorporate borrowed words from
other languages. ‘Lokun’ means doctor from Bahasa Indonesia ‘dukun’. Persian
loanword into Hokkien is Bazaar ( )رازابwhich became Pa Sat (巴剎) in Hokkien
which means market.
A common cause of lexical borrowing is the need to find words for
objects, concepts, and places as previously stated above. However, prestige also
4
gives contribution to lexical borrowing. The loan word of English ‘T.V.’ is as a
consequence of technological development that gives prestige to Hokkien
speakers. ‘tifi’ is more prestigious than ‘tien-se’ in Hokkien.
Hokkien has a significant role in contributing words to other languages.
Filipinos has adopted Hokkien to name on cookery such as ‘tikoy, lumpia,
bihon’ etc. (Xuebo, 2012). Similarly, Hokkien has contributed to name concepts
in Bahasa Indonesia (Zhi, 1987) such as ‘sempoa, kemoceng, loteng, tauge’, etc.
The increasingly modern influence nowadays leads to lexical
modernization: a process by which a language standardizing, enhancing, and
expanding its domains of activity (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997:69). In reality
Hokkien has other lexical changes besides created lexical items borrowed from
other languages. That is why the writer is interested in observing lexical
changes.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated
are formulated as follows.
1) How do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur?
2) Why do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur the way
they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This study is aiming at the new phenomenon on lexical change of
Hokkien in Medan. Thus, the objectives of this study are elaborated as the
following.
5
1) To describe the process of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect,
2) To explain the factors of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Lexical change has several domains to be studied, it is quite impossible
to cover them all. Therefore, this research limits the discussion of lexical
creation particularly noun.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to have significantly relevant to
the theoretical and practical aspects.
1. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theory of
lexical change particularly for understanding the processes and the
reasons of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect.
2. Practically, the research findings are also valuable for:
Firstly, the next researchers who will be conducting research in the field
of language change particularly lexical change as a review of literature.
Secondly, Hokkien speakers in Medan as a reference study.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the processes
and the reasons of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien dialect in the previous
chapters, conclusion is drawn as follow:
1. The lexical creation processes in Medan Hokkien dialect flow under two
concise methods. Firstly, internal lexical borrowing comprises of
derivations, compounds, shortenings, and coinages. Secondly, external
lexical borrowings encompass three distinctive domains: modified lexical
borrowing, total lexical borrowing and loan translation.
2. The reasons of lexical creations in Medan Hokkien dialect are
substantially influenced by the need; to find a term for naming a new
object such as technology, place, time, entertainment, medical term,
building, transportation, sport, fashion, academy, food and drink, and
animal. Next, influenced by the prestige; it is some times said to occur
when a speaker perceives that there is greater social cachet attached to a
word from another language such as in the fields of technology, place,
media, building, food and drink, entertainment, medical term, fashion,
academy, time and fashion.The last is influenced by practicality; this
68
69
phenomenon happens when a phrase is shortened because of the more
practical in spoken language.
5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below:
1) It is suggested that to students or other practitioner do the same research
in order to make the research more complete particularly research about
the two other type of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect, lexical
loss and change in meaning. This technique is indispensably useful for
the access of another expert’s interest and attention about Hokkien
dialect.
2) To the linguists, researchers and those are extremely interested to
conduct a scientific study in Hokkien dialect, it is suggested to
investigate the practical techniques in decreasing lexical borrowing and
increasing the equivalent of lexical borrowing in Hokkien dialect words.
3) It is expected to the institution that consist of Medan Hokkien dialect
speakers apply the standardization of Medan Hokkien dialect through the
establishment of standardized Medan Hokkien dictionary and spelling
systems. Through this recorded material, the existence of Medan
Hokkien dialect can be held down to the next generation.
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This thesis would not have been possible without the support and input of
numerous people to whom the writer expresses his deeply gratitude.
The writer would like to express the greatest thanks to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,
M.Pd. and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS. as his advisers for their great ideas, guidance
and patience that lead the writer to the end of completion of this thesis.
The writer also would like to extend his sincere gratitude to the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, the secretary of English
Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Farid Ma’ruf as
an administrator for their assistance regarding the administrative procedures and support
during the writer’s thesis completion process patiently.
The writer’s great thanks also go to his Examiners, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,
M.Hum., Dr.
Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., Dr.
Didik Santoso, M. Pd. for their
suggestions, critiques, opinions, and improvements for this thesis. In addition, the writer
would like to thank to all lecturers for their knowledge and character building during the
process of teaching and learning.
Thanks are due to the members of Indonesia Theravada Buddhist Centre and Romo
Suprianto for their participation in this research. Without their support this research
could not have been carried out. Their help is highly appreciated.
iii
The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to his beloved father Mr. Sutejo
Lim for his continual and unfailing love, patience, guidance, prayer and support over
years and endless faith in the writer’s ability to accomplish this thesis. His huge thanks
are also dedicated to his sisters Fiedya, Mellisa Mega and Fenny Astuti for their love,
and support. The writer’s special love goes to his children Sophie Aurelia Joycelin and
Victor Felix Aurelius for their love, understanding and care without complaining for less
attention given to them during finishing his study.
Medan, August 2016
Jeffry Lim
iv
ABSTRACT
Jeffry Lim. Registration Number: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien
Dialect. A Thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistic Study Program.
The State University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with the lexical change in Medan Hokkien Dialect. It employs
descriptive research. The focus of this study is the lexical creations particularly nouns
which aim to describe: (1) the processes of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect,
(2) to explain the reasons of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect. The Source of
the data were Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers words. The technique of collecting data
used of this study was interview and purposive sampling. The data were analyzed with
Miles and Huberman’s data analysis. The theory of lexical creation in this research
refers to the opinion of Varshney. The Process of lexical creation is divided into two;
internal borrowing included derivations, compounds, shortenings and coinages, and
external borrowing encompass modified lexical creation, total lexical creation and loan
translation. The reasons of lexical creation were analyzed based on Ngom who
explained the need, the prestige and practicality reasons. According to the data analysis,
it was found that lexical creations in Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers utterances
comprises of derivations, compound, shortening, coinages. The second process is the
external lexical borrowing comprises of modified lexical borrowing, total lexical
borrowing; and loan translation. The reasons of lexical creation are the need, the
prestige and the practicality included in some fields such as technology, place, time,
culture, building, food and drink, sport, family, medical term, academy, transportation,
fashion, material and animal. Thus, it implies that lexical creations are aimed to the
Medan Hokkien Dialect speakers able to understand to find a term for naming a new
object, concept, and idea.
i
ABSTRAK
Jeffry Lim. Registration NIM: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien
Dialect. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang membahas tentang perubahan kata dalam
Bahasa Hokkien Medan. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Fokus
dari penelitian ini adalah kreasi kata baru terutama pada kata benda yang bertujuan
untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) proses kreasi kata dalam bahasa Hokkien Medan, (2) untuk
menjelaskan alas an kreasi kata dalam bahasa Hokkien Medan. Sumber data diambil dari
kosa kata penutur bahasa Hokkien Medan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah interview yang berisi kosa kata penutur bahasa Hokkien
Medan dan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles dan
Huberman. Pembagian proses perubahan kata mengacu pada pendapat Varshney. Proses
tersebut dibadi menjadi dua; kreasi kata secara internal termasuk derivasi, kata
majemuk, akronim, dan coinage. Kreasi kata secara eksternal meliputi; pinjaman kata
dari modifikasi, pinjaman kata total dan penerjemahan pinjaman. Ngom menyatakan
kebutuhan, gengsi dan kesederhanaan merupakan faktor utama dalam pembentukan kata
baru. Berdasarkan analisa data yang diambil dari penutur bahasa Hokkien Medan
ditemukan terdiri dari derivasi, kata majemuk, pemendekan kata, coinage. Proses
eksternal terdiri dari pinjaman kata modifikasi, pinjaman kata total, dan penerjemah
pinjaman. Faktor penyebab terjadi kreasi kata adalah kebutuhan, gengsi, dan
kesederhanaan yang biasa ditemukan didalam beberapa bidang yakni pada istilah
teknologi, tempat, waktu, budaya, akademi, material, olahraga, transportasi, fashion,
makanan dan minuman dan hewan. Dengan demikian hal ini menyiratkan bahwa kreasi
kata tersebut bertujuan agar pengguna bahasa Hokkien Medan mampu memahami untuk
menemukan istilah menamai objek, istilah dan ide baru.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study…………………………………...
1
1.2
The Problem of the Study…………………………………….....
4
1.3
The Objectives of the Study………………………………….....
4
1.4
The Scope of the Study………………………………………….
5
1.5
The Significance of the Study……………………………......…
5
CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
Lexical Change………………………………………………….
6
Types of Lexical Change…………..............................................
2.2.1 Loss of Lexical Item
2.2.2 Change of Meaning……………………………...…………
2.2.3 Creation of New Lexical Item……………………………...
2.2.3.1 How are new words created?
2.2.3.1.1 Internal Borrowing…………………………………
2.2.3.1.2 External Borrowing………………………………...
2.3 Reasons of Lexical Borrowing………………………………….
2.3.1 Need………………………………………………………...
2.3.2 Prestige……………………………………………………..
2.4 Word Class……………………………………………………...
2.5 Hokkien Dialect…………………………………………………
2.5.1 Hokkiean Dialect Varieties…………………………………
2.5.2 Medan Hokkien Dialect…………………………………….
2.6 Relevant Studies………………………………………………...
2.7 Conceptual Framework………………………………………….
7
8
9
11
11
12
15
18
18
19
19
22
22
24
26
29
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………...
3.2 The Source and Data of the Study………………………………
3.3 The Technique of Data Collection………………………………
3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis………………………………..
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Data………………………………...
3.5.1 Credibility………………………………………………….
3.5.2 Transferability……………………………………………..
3.5.3 Dependability………………………………………………
3.5.4 Conformability……………………………………………..
32
33
34
35
37
38
38
38
39
2.1
2.2
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, DICUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis
4.1.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect
4.1.1.1 The First Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.2 The Second Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing
4.1.1.3 The Third Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.4 The Fourth Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing .
4.1.1.5 The First Process of External Lexical Borrowing …
4.1.1.6 The Second Process of External Lexical Borrowing
4.1.1.7 The Third Process of External Lexical Borrowing
4.1.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien
Dialect……………………………………………………..
4.1.2.1 Need……………………………………………….
4.1.2.2 Prestige…………………………………………….
4.1.2.3 Practicality…………………………………………
4.2 Findings………………………………………………………….
4.3 Discussion……………………………………………………….
4.3.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect
4.3.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien
Dialect……………………………………………………..
40
45
46
48
50
50
53
54
56
57
57
59
62
62
64
64
66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………….
5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………….
68
69
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………...
70
LIST OF GRAPHICS ………………………………………………………
vii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………...
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………
ix
vi
LIST OF GRAPHICS
Graphic 1
Cluster of Words in Lexical Creation
44
Graphic 2
Percentage of Internal Lexical Creation Processes
45
Graphic 3
46
Graphic 4
Percentage of External Lexical Creation Processes
Percentage of Lexical Creation Processes
Graphic 5
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Derivation
47
Graphic 6
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Compound
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Coinage
49
52
Graphic 9
Percentage of Field Product
Percentage of Medan Hokkien Lexicon Based on Equivalent
Graphic 10
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Reasons
58
Graphic 11
Fields of Prestige in Medan Hokkien Lexicon
61
Graphic 7
Graphic 8
vii
46
51
55
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Types of lexical change
The Illustration of Conceptual Framework
Miles and Huberman’s Interactive Model
viii
8
30
35
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is the most powerful means of communication. It is through
language that humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feelings. It is
a generally accepted that every language has a vocabulary. Many vocabularies of
languages haven’t been observed. Vocabulary has its dynamics. How actually
the process of vocabulary changes need to be further explored. The investigation
of lexicon study is interesting, because vocabulary is the area where people most
notice in everyday life interaction.
Several researchers have ever done relevant studies of lexical change.
They are: firstly, Ngom (2000) has ever research on Sociolinguistic Motivations
of Lexical Borrowings in Senegal, secondly Su (2005) has ever researched on
Chinese lexical change deals with the sociolinguistic study; thirdly Gao (2008)
has ever researched on lexical changes of Chinese Internet lexical items;,
Fourthly Ali and Mohideen (2010) have ever researched on lexical change for
professional competence in English language education and finally Karũrũ
(2013) has ever research on Borrowing and Communication in Language.
The lexicon is an inventory of a human being’s knowledge of the words
in their language. It is understood broadly as a finite list of stored forms that has
meanings and the possibilities for combining them. Thus, lexicon can be defined
as a list of all possible meaningful parts or combinations of parts of words that
possible to stand alone to produce words. The word is a meaningful morpheme
1
2
unit used in speech or writing and belongs to a specific parts of speech either is
used alone or combined to form a sentence.
Any people in this world is never exactly uses a language in the same
way. According to Tagliamonte (2006:10) different ways of saying more or less
the same thing may occur in every variety of language. It is obvious that because
language varies not only from one individual to another but also from one subsection of speech community to another.
Vocabulary changes as a part of language change. Ottoson (2005:97)
distinguishes language change phenomena as innovation and diffusion.
Innovation is the spontaneous emergence of a novel language feature that was
absent in the previous generation. Diffusion, on the other hand, involves
speakers imitating a novel language feature (an innovation) from another
speaker. Similarly, Ke, Gong and Wang (2008:937) view language change as a
diffusion process of some linguistic elements (linguistic innovations) in a
language community.
Language change can be influenced by changes in the social environment
of the language, in various indirect ways, but also more directly by social
evaluation of specific features of language. On the most general level, one
cannot exclude the possibility that general weakening of the language norms as a
social institution, in times of cultural and social instability, in itself accelerates
language change.
Varshney (1995:283) has distinguished lexical change into three
categories, namely: loss of lexical items, change of meaning and creation of new
words. From this point of view lexical change can be thought as a process in
3
which the word, concepts or meaning are totally or partly replaced by another
lexical item.
One of the most obvious ways in lexical change is addition of new
words. The phenomenon of lexical change does not only happen to other
languages communities but also exists in Hokkien. One of the cases of lexical
change in Hokkien is the creation of new lexical items. In this case, the writer
has only focused on lexical creation. The lexical creation is divided into two
processes: internal lexical creation and external lexical creation.
Internal
lexical
creation
encompasses
derivation,
compounding,
shortening and coinage. Firstly, derivation is the process for internal lexical
creation for example, ‘lao-lang’ which consists of the prefix ‘lao’ plus ‘lang’ that
means old people or parents. Secondly, compounding is the process for internal
lexical creation for example leng-khi that means air-conditioner. It consists of
the word ‘leng’ which represents cool and ‘khi’ which represents air. Thirdly,
shortening is the process for internal lexical creation for example the phrase ‘wa
lang’ become ‘lan’ which mean we. Finally, coinage is the process for internal
lexical creation for example ‘koktong’ which is a brand of coffee product.
On the other hand, external lexical borrowing is created lexical items
derived from other languages. Hokkien words incorporate borrowed words from
other languages. ‘Lokun’ means doctor from Bahasa Indonesia ‘dukun’. Persian
loanword into Hokkien is Bazaar ( )رازابwhich became Pa Sat (巴剎) in Hokkien
which means market.
A common cause of lexical borrowing is the need to find words for
objects, concepts, and places as previously stated above. However, prestige also
4
gives contribution to lexical borrowing. The loan word of English ‘T.V.’ is as a
consequence of technological development that gives prestige to Hokkien
speakers. ‘tifi’ is more prestigious than ‘tien-se’ in Hokkien.
Hokkien has a significant role in contributing words to other languages.
Filipinos has adopted Hokkien to name on cookery such as ‘tikoy, lumpia,
bihon’ etc. (Xuebo, 2012). Similarly, Hokkien has contributed to name concepts
in Bahasa Indonesia (Zhi, 1987) such as ‘sempoa, kemoceng, loteng, tauge’, etc.
The increasingly modern influence nowadays leads to lexical
modernization: a process by which a language standardizing, enhancing, and
expanding its domains of activity (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997:69). In reality
Hokkien has other lexical changes besides created lexical items borrowed from
other languages. That is why the writer is interested in observing lexical
changes.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated
are formulated as follows.
1) How do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur?
2) Why do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur the way
they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This study is aiming at the new phenomenon on lexical change of
Hokkien in Medan. Thus, the objectives of this study are elaborated as the
following.
5
1) To describe the process of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect,
2) To explain the factors of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Lexical change has several domains to be studied, it is quite impossible
to cover them all. Therefore, this research limits the discussion of lexical
creation particularly noun.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to have significantly relevant to
the theoretical and practical aspects.
1. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theory of
lexical change particularly for understanding the processes and the
reasons of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect.
2. Practically, the research findings are also valuable for:
Firstly, the next researchers who will be conducting research in the field
of language change particularly lexical change as a review of literature.
Secondly, Hokkien speakers in Medan as a reference study.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the processes
and the reasons of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien dialect in the previous
chapters, conclusion is drawn as follow:
1. The lexical creation processes in Medan Hokkien dialect flow under two
concise methods. Firstly, internal lexical borrowing comprises of
derivations, compounds, shortenings, and coinages. Secondly, external
lexical borrowings encompass three distinctive domains: modified lexical
borrowing, total lexical borrowing and loan translation.
2. The reasons of lexical creations in Medan Hokkien dialect are
substantially influenced by the need; to find a term for naming a new
object such as technology, place, time, entertainment, medical term,
building, transportation, sport, fashion, academy, food and drink, and
animal. Next, influenced by the prestige; it is some times said to occur
when a speaker perceives that there is greater social cachet attached to a
word from another language such as in the fields of technology, place,
media, building, food and drink, entertainment, medical term, fashion,
academy, time and fashion.The last is influenced by practicality; this
68
69
phenomenon happens when a phrase is shortened because of the more
practical in spoken language.
5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below:
1) It is suggested that to students or other practitioner do the same research
in order to make the research more complete particularly research about
the two other type of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect, lexical
loss and change in meaning. This technique is indispensably useful for
the access of another expert’s interest and attention about Hokkien
dialect.
2) To the linguists, researchers and those are extremely interested to
conduct a scientific study in Hokkien dialect, it is suggested to
investigate the practical techniques in decreasing lexical borrowing and
increasing the equivalent of lexical borrowing in Hokkien dialect words.
3) It is expected to the institution that consist of Medan Hokkien dialect
speakers apply the standardization of Medan Hokkien dialect through the
establishment of standardized Medan Hokkien dictionary and spelling
systems. Through this recorded material, the existence of Medan
Hokkien dialect can be held down to the next generation.
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