LEXICAL CHANGES OF SOUTHERN DIALECT OF LI NIHA.
Mll·'·. K.PERPUSTAKAAN
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LEXICAL CHANGES OF SOUTHERN DIALECT
OFLINIHA
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied I.inguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
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SANIAGO DAKJII
Registration Number : 809115021
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ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADlJATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A THESIS
LEXICAL CHANGES OF SOUTHERN DIALECT
OFLINIHA
SANIAGO DAKHI
Registration Number: 809115021
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
This Thesis was examined on March 171b, 2011 by the Board ofExaminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
<
'fo(IJP/u,s in Gurning, M.Pd
19860ll001
•
I
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
NIP:l96104251986012001
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Gr~t
gratitude to The Almighty God, Jesus Christ, for His Strength in His
glorious bless which makes him able to do this research and composes this thesis.
Being as His son is a miracle which leads his ways oflife and goal.
Countless individuals have contributed directly and indirectly to the
research and to the completion of this thesis. The writer is deeply indebted to each
one, and therefore he would like to express his heartfelt gratitude.
He first wishes to thank his Board of Adviser members: Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd, his first adviser and the head of English Applied Linguistics
Program, and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, his second adviser and the
secretary of English Applied Linguistics Program, who had given him a lot of
support in their advices to the completion of this research project and thesis. They
>
had made him feels as their sons in their daily love.
This thesis was strongly supported by the valuable suggestions and critics
from these great heroes in education, his Board of Reviewer members: Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph. D., Prof. D. P Tampubolon, Ph.D, and Dr. Eddy Setia,
M.Ed, TESP. who received this proposal and offered the constructive helps.
Without them he would not be able to bring this thesis into a final form.
Sincerest appreciation is especially addressed to his beloved parents S.
Dakhi and R. Wau whose loves and continuous prayers have always empowered
him to continue his study at State University ofMedan.
A very special gratitude is addressed to the founder of STKIP and STIE
Nias Selatan, Mr. Bambowo Laiya, MA. and Mrs. Sitasi Zagoto, MA., who have
provided him a scholarship, without them he bet he would not be able to make
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sense of relationships between knowledge and poverty in this life. Their
philosophy of life inspires him to make sense of profound meaning of education
for good of humanity. Their hard work ethic exemplifies his guiding principles of
life and makes him believe that nothing is impossible.
He is enormously indebted to his beloved girl Magdalena Marpaung and
close friends Harry (UK) and Steve (USA) who kindly read, helped, shared, and
provided some constructive and indispensable critics on this thesis. They had
made him understand that he can do everything in God.
Last but not least, he owes a special debt to Mr. Bambowo Laiya, Mrs.
Sitasi Zagoto, MA., A. Liri Dachi, and to those who selflessly spared their
insurmountable time to facilitate his gaining access to every single empirical data
required by this research so that it is feasible and proper to its own extent of
academic acclaim, and to his colleagues and friends Drs. Pirhot Munthe, Aslin
Habeahan, M.Hum., Lamhot Naibaho, S.Pd., Taosige Wau, M.Sc, and Senadaman
Wau, S.Pd. who have always been available for long distance communication
whenever he called in discussing this research project.
Medan,
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11
March 201 1
ABSTRACT
Dakhi, Saniago. 2011. Lexical Change of Southern Dialect of Li Niha. A
Thesis. Postgraduate School of State University of Medan, 2011.
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This qualitative research addresses the lexical changes, which is aimed at (1)
investigating the lexical change types, (2) describing the lexical change patterns,
and (3) explaining the lexical change reasons of Southern dialect of Li Niha. The
empirical materials were thoroughly and well-gathered from the document and
interview. The highly critical and systematic analysis with ' Miles and Huberman
Model' reveals that Southern dialect of Li Niha changes. This research has drawn
the following conclusions. Firstly, the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li
Niha comprised lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical creation. Secondly, the
patterns of lexical change of Li Niha has been manifested on three types: (1)
lexical loss: (a) potential and (b) total lexical loss; (2) semantic change: (a) Noun
to Noun, (b) Noun to Adjective, (c) Noun to Verb, (d) Adjective to Adjective, (e)
Adverb to Verb, (t) Verb to Noun, (g) Verb to Verb, and (h) Verb to Adjective;
(3) lexical creation: (a) internal lexical creation and (b) external lexical creation.
Thirdly, the reasons of lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha were: (I )
lexical loss: cultural, linguistic and prestige factors; (2) semantic change: analogy,
metaphor, mutual concept, implication, and euphemism factors; (3) lexical
creation: naturalization, technological development, foreign influence, mutual
linguistic feature, translation and adoption of the conceptual feature. In
educational setting, the various changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li Niha
implicitly implicate that language standardization, i.e. selection, codification,
elaboration and acceptance, is not totally employed, consequently it bears an
enormously complicated problem impeding the success of teaching and learning
Li Niha to the next generation .
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iii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Li Niha or Nias language as one of hundreds of Indonesian vernacular is
an Austronesian language spoken on Nias Island and the Batu Islands off the west
coast of Swnatra. It belongs to the Northwest Swnatran subgroup which also
includes Mentawai and Batak languages. Li Niha is spoken in three different
dialects, namely si fabada '6 (Northern dialect), si fabagandr6 (Central dialect)
and sifabah6'6 (Southern dialect). The Southern dialect of Li Niha is used by the
people in Teluk Dalarn, Fanayama, Toma, Maenarnolo, Pulau-Pulau Batu and
Hibala sub districts; whereas Central dialect is spoken in Gomo, LOlowa'u,
Lolomatua and Aramo sub districts; and Northern dialect covers Gunungsitoli,
Mandrehe, Lolofitwnoi, Tube Mberua, Gido and Idano Gawo sub districts.
Any language in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of
lexical, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic changes. Specifically,
lexical change is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a language, such
as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and
inteJjection. A case oflexical change in Li Niha is the word o/6, a plantation in the
mountain in which the irrigation is not available or needed. It is regarded one of
lexical losses of Southern dialect of Li Niha because it is not practiced anymore.
Another empirical exemplification is suti (injection) which is categorized as a
2
noun becomes a verb which means "persuade to do bad thing". This phenomenon,
which is caused by the metaphorical application, is called as semantic change due
to its lexical class movement from noun to verb. Empirically, the older speakers of
Li Niha experience that the youngsters are reluctant to use their mother tongue so
that they sometimes mix between Li Niha and Indonesian language. These
evidences serve as the beginning oflanguage change itself.
Having the previous exemplification, it is feasible to assert that the lexical
change contains types, patterns, and reasons. Lexical change type is defined as the
sort of change realized in the lexicons, which might be loss of lexicon or change
of meaning like the examples above. Lexical change pattern refers to the ways on
how the change takes place, e.g. the pattern change of the lexicon above is noun to
verb. Lexical reason is indicated as the completely influential factors of lexical
change, for instance the metaphorical application on the semantic change above.
The existence and maintenance of Li Niha is highly influenced by the
characteristics of the speaker's day to day life, culture, social condition, education
and religion. One of the factors of language maintenance is concerned with both
tangible and intangible things required by the Li Niha speakers to survive in the
world. The tangible things are viewed as the things that can be concretely
perceived by the human's sensory devices, whereas the intangible things are those
which can be only perceived by the human's psyche. This is in line with the
abstract concept. The characteristics of the speaker's day to day life: tangible and
intangible things resulted from the physical and psychological processes are
potentially changeable. Similarly the words used to name them are in constant
3
flux. Through this phenomenon the existence and maintenance of Li Niha is
obvious.
Language is a part of culture; consequently Nias culture serves as a
determining factor of Li Niha existence and maintenance. Thus it can be said that
the language and culture, that is the mutually shared behavior such as beliefs,
feelings and values among the members of a group or society experience are
tightly interrelated-the more culture changes the less language is maintained.
The social condition simply refers to the environmental situation where the
language speakers' activities take place. The increasingly modem influence
nowadays is
reg~d
as factor for Li Niha existence and maintenance. The
fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the Li Niha users' attention
to lexical modernization: a process by which a language standardizing, enhancing,
and expanding its domains of activity (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997:69). On the
other hand, the popularity of Southern Nias as one of the most beautiful tourism
areas governs the existence and maintenance of Southern dialect of Li Niha. This
is because the great possibility of code-switching between Southern dialect of Li
Niha and tourist's language, which serves as a major factor of language change
(Lindstrom, 2007:232), take place.
There will be also a tendency to the change of Li Niha when its speakers
are more educated. This has been proved by the fact that the role of Li Niha used
in educational setting is not the same at home. This is definitely rooted from the
empirical evidence that the medium of teaching and learning in Nias schools is
Indonesian. Consequently, the students' attitudes towards Li Niha eventually
decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly used in their day
4
life. This condition, which serves as determining factor of lexical change, makes
the mixing of Li Niha and Indonesian.
Religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the belief of
language speakers serves as another influence of Li Niha existence and
maintenance. This condition can be seen in the Indonesian loanwords from Arabic
such as Alhamdu/illah, tabib, etc. or the Li Niha words fandrita (priest), which
borrowed from Indonesia pendeta.
A language is fundamentally viewed as much more than a system of
communication. It is a symbolic marker that distinguishes who belongs to a group
and who is outside. In this case language in general and Li Niha in particular is
considered as a central feature of Nias ethnics-the reflection of Nias people
identity. Hence, Li Niha in relation to this perspective it is, then, expected not to
change since Li Niha purification and originality are extremely needed to establish
its strong identity.
In reality, Wurrn (2003:22) states that there are very few languages in
Sumatera which would be likely targets for endangerment from Indonesian and/or
local languages. One language (Li Niha) on one of the islands located off the
south-western coast of Sumatera is endangered due to the lack of learning of Li
Niha. Apart from this, according to Laiya (2009) Southern Nias dialect consists of
3,500 totally different vocabularies from other dialects of Li Niha. Therefore it is
obvious that Southern Nias dialect is a new phenomenon to which language
change, especially lexical change takes place. Language change is customarily
viewed as the process by which the linguistic features change due to the particular
cause of internal and external factors.
5
Theoretically, according to Moyna (2009: 131-132) language changes
resulted from the social and individual factors. Social factors are the contact
between speakers of different varieties due to conquest, migration, culture,
education, economic, and religion. The social or external factors of language
change not only include the type of input in the environment but also the
mechanisms and rates of input processing. The mechanisms are concerned with
the techniques and methods of input provided to the language speakers, whereas
rates deal with the amount of input itself. On the other hand, the invidual or
internal factors deal with the language change which resulted from an entire
generation of child acquisition. This theory has been proved on the changes of Li
Niha lexicons above.
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According to Varshney (1995:283), the lexical change can be in the forms
of lexical loss (or a phenomenon in which a particular lexicon disappears),
semantic change (or the shifting meaning in language), and creation of new lexical
item (or the process of creating a new lexical item to name an object, concept and
place through the internal and external borrowings of words).
The theories proposed by Moyna (2009) and Varshney (1995), of course,
were not from the research results executed on Li Niha but totally derived from
the scientific researches on English which had been studied hundreds years ago by
the experienced historical linguists. Thus there will be a tendency that these
theories are not completely appiicable in Li Niha due to the differences between
the two languages. For instance, (1) the consonant is dependent in Li Niha but it is
independent in English, (2) the sound [p] is absent in Li Niha but it is present in
English, and (3) Predtcate+Subject+Object structure is applied in Li Niha but not
6
in English. These three fundamental distinctions, which serve as determining
factor of deciding whether or not Li Niha is considered as a new phenomenon of
language change, led the writer' s interest to conduct this scientific research.
1.2 The Focus of the Study
The focus of this study is presented in the question of "How is the lexical
change of Southern dialect of Li Niha?" This question then is elaborated into more
particular questions, such as the following:
l) What are the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha?
2) How do the lexicons of Southern dialect of Li Niha change?
3) Why do the lexicons of Southern dialect of Li Niha change the way they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This research is aimed at studying the new phenomenon on lexical change
of Southern dialect of Li Niha. It specifically attempted to objectively describe the
lexical change as well as the ways and reasons of Southern dialect of Li Niha
change. Thus, the objectives of this study were elaborated as the following:
I) To investigate the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha,
2) To describe the patterns of lexical changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li
Niha,
3) To explain the reasons oflexical change of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
1.4 The Scope ofthe Study
The various language change domains and the numerous lexical classes (or
parts of speech) of language results in the researcher's scope of the study to the
lexical change, particularly to the change of noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
7
pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
More specific it is in an attempt to provide an objective and explanative
description of the lexical change oflexical classes of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are strongly expected to have the theoretically
and practically indispensable significances. Theoretically, the research findings
would be valuable contributions for other researchers who will conduct a research
in the field of language change, particularly lexical change and the source of the
methods of how language changes. Practically, on the other hand, the research
findings would be beneficial as the evidence of Li Niha change which serves as a
core embryo of consideration for language planning policy of the government of
Southern Nias which is urgently useful for the Southern dialect of Li Niha
maintenance in the future.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the lexical
changes, patterns, and reasons Southern dialect lexicons of Li Niha in previous
chapters, conclusion is drawn as follows:
I) The lexical change of Southern dialect of Li Niha emerges on every single sort
of lexical changes. It is divided into lexical loss, semantic change and lexical
creation.
2) The lexical change patterns of Southern dialect of Li Niha are totally realized
in various ways according to its type. Firstly, lexical loss is proportionally
pattered into potential and total lexical loss. Secondly, semantic change
patterns are categorized into: (1) Noun to Noun, (2) Noun to Adjective, (3)
Noun to Verb, (4) Adjective to Adjective, (5) Adverb to Verb, (6) Verb to
Noun, (7) Verb to Verb, and (8) Verb to Adjective. Thirdly, lexical creation
flows under the two crisp and concise methods: internal and external lexical
creation. External lexical borrowing patterns impinge upon the three
distinctive domains: modified lexical borrowing, total lexical borrowing, and
loan translation. These ways come to the implicit expression of the unstandardized borro'Yffig system in Li Niha.
105
106
3) The division of lexical change reasons in Southern dialect of Li Niha varies
and is considerably linkable with every sort single of lexical change type.
Firstly, culture, linguistic and prestige play the important role as the influential
causes of lexical loss. Secondly, analogical, metaphorical, mutual concept,
implication, and euphemism are viewed as the core source of semantic change.
Thirdly, naturalization, technological development, foreign influence, mutual
linguistic feature, translation and adoption of the conceptual features are
treated as the numerously sustained factors of lexical creation in Southern
dialect of Li Niha.
5.2 Implications
The conclusion drawn above convincingly yields a couple of implications:
1) The changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li Niha occur on every single sort
of lexical changes: lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical creation. The
noun which contains the highest number of lexical change bridges the
attention to Indonesian influence, the national and official language, as an
easily naturalized language since it consists of the same linguistic
characteristics with Li Niha, not English which is from the completely
different root of language.
2) Even though South Nias regency is as a tourism area, the number of lexical
changes relating to this condition is not significant. Therefore, obviously
tourism is not regarded as the influential factor of Li Niha change.
3) The deviation of the number of every single sort of lexical changes is
definitely implicated by the influence and status of Southern Nias people's
characteristics of life, culture, and technological development.
107
4) In educational setting, the various changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li
Nifw implicitly implicate that language standardization, i.e. selection,
codification, elaboration and acceptance, is not totally employed, consequently
it bears an enormously complicated problem impeding the success of teaching
and learning Li Nifw to the next generation.
5.3 Suggesrious
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
1) It is advisable to the language users of Southern dialect of Li Niha to use
Southern dialect of Li Niha in their daily life at home, office and school. By
doing so, their language attitude towards Li Niha itself will eventually
increase.
2) It is strongly suggested to the local Government of Southern Nias regency to
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take into account about the maintenance and standardization Southern dialect
of Li Niha through the establishment of standardized Li Niha dictionary,
formalized Li Niha grammar, and specified spelling system. Through this
recoded material, the existence of Li Nifw can be handled down to the next
generation.
3) It is also expected to the teachers, students, and other practitioners to make
writing in Li Niha. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of
another expert's interest and attention about the entity of Li Niha.
4) To the linguists, researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct
a scientific study on Southern dialect of Li Niha, it is suggested to investigate ..
the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and
108
increasing the number of lexical creation of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
Through this step, the development of Li Niha will emerge among other tribes
in Indonesia.
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Hana, J. 2006. Language Change. Retrieved on July 13, 201 0 from the Internet at
http://www. pdfound.com
Thomason, S. G. 2007. Language Contact and Deliberate Change. Journal of
Language Contact University of Michigan-THEMA I (2007), retrieved on
July 25,2010 from www.jlc-journal.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias_Island retrieved on October 18, 2010.
http://www .metaresolution.com/Metaphor/web_ axonfiles/web_ttfiles/ttWhat_Is_
Metaphor.htrn retrieved on March 17, 2011.
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http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki!Northwest _Sumatran_languages
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID= 19656
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,_
LEXICAL CHANGES OF SOUTHERN DIALECT
OFLINIHA
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied I.inguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
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SANIAGO DAKJII
Registration Number : 809115021
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ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADlJATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A THESIS
LEXICAL CHANGES OF SOUTHERN DIALECT
OFLINIHA
SANIAGO DAKHI
Registration Number: 809115021
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
This Thesis was examined on March 171b, 2011 by the Board ofExaminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
<
'fo(IJP/u,s in Gurning, M.Pd
19860ll001
•
I
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
NIP:l96104251986012001
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Gr~t
gratitude to The Almighty God, Jesus Christ, for His Strength in His
glorious bless which makes him able to do this research and composes this thesis.
Being as His son is a miracle which leads his ways oflife and goal.
Countless individuals have contributed directly and indirectly to the
research and to the completion of this thesis. The writer is deeply indebted to each
one, and therefore he would like to express his heartfelt gratitude.
He first wishes to thank his Board of Adviser members: Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd, his first adviser and the head of English Applied Linguistics
Program, and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, his second adviser and the
secretary of English Applied Linguistics Program, who had given him a lot of
support in their advices to the completion of this research project and thesis. They
>
had made him feels as their sons in their daily love.
This thesis was strongly supported by the valuable suggestions and critics
from these great heroes in education, his Board of Reviewer members: Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph. D., Prof. D. P Tampubolon, Ph.D, and Dr. Eddy Setia,
M.Ed, TESP. who received this proposal and offered the constructive helps.
Without them he would not be able to bring this thesis into a final form.
Sincerest appreciation is especially addressed to his beloved parents S.
Dakhi and R. Wau whose loves and continuous prayers have always empowered
him to continue his study at State University ofMedan.
A very special gratitude is addressed to the founder of STKIP and STIE
Nias Selatan, Mr. Bambowo Laiya, MA. and Mrs. Sitasi Zagoto, MA., who have
provided him a scholarship, without them he bet he would not be able to make
..
sense of relationships between knowledge and poverty in this life. Their
philosophy of life inspires him to make sense of profound meaning of education
for good of humanity. Their hard work ethic exemplifies his guiding principles of
life and makes him believe that nothing is impossible.
He is enormously indebted to his beloved girl Magdalena Marpaung and
close friends Harry (UK) and Steve (USA) who kindly read, helped, shared, and
provided some constructive and indispensable critics on this thesis. They had
made him understand that he can do everything in God.
Last but not least, he owes a special debt to Mr. Bambowo Laiya, Mrs.
Sitasi Zagoto, MA., A. Liri Dachi, and to those who selflessly spared their
insurmountable time to facilitate his gaining access to every single empirical data
required by this research so that it is feasible and proper to its own extent of
academic acclaim, and to his colleagues and friends Drs. Pirhot Munthe, Aslin
Habeahan, M.Hum., Lamhot Naibaho, S.Pd., Taosige Wau, M.Sc, and Senadaman
Wau, S.Pd. who have always been available for long distance communication
whenever he called in discussing this research project.
Medan,
..
11
March 201 1
ABSTRACT
Dakhi, Saniago. 2011. Lexical Change of Southern Dialect of Li Niha. A
Thesis. Postgraduate School of State University of Medan, 2011.
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This qualitative research addresses the lexical changes, which is aimed at (1)
investigating the lexical change types, (2) describing the lexical change patterns,
and (3) explaining the lexical change reasons of Southern dialect of Li Niha. The
empirical materials were thoroughly and well-gathered from the document and
interview. The highly critical and systematic analysis with ' Miles and Huberman
Model' reveals that Southern dialect of Li Niha changes. This research has drawn
the following conclusions. Firstly, the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li
Niha comprised lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical creation. Secondly, the
patterns of lexical change of Li Niha has been manifested on three types: (1)
lexical loss: (a) potential and (b) total lexical loss; (2) semantic change: (a) Noun
to Noun, (b) Noun to Adjective, (c) Noun to Verb, (d) Adjective to Adjective, (e)
Adverb to Verb, (t) Verb to Noun, (g) Verb to Verb, and (h) Verb to Adjective;
(3) lexical creation: (a) internal lexical creation and (b) external lexical creation.
Thirdly, the reasons of lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha were: (I )
lexical loss: cultural, linguistic and prestige factors; (2) semantic change: analogy,
metaphor, mutual concept, implication, and euphemism factors; (3) lexical
creation: naturalization, technological development, foreign influence, mutual
linguistic feature, translation and adoption of the conceptual feature. In
educational setting, the various changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li Niha
implicitly implicate that language standardization, i.e. selection, codification,
elaboration and acceptance, is not totally employed, consequently it bears an
enormously complicated problem impeding the success of teaching and learning
Li Niha to the next generation .
..
iii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Li Niha or Nias language as one of hundreds of Indonesian vernacular is
an Austronesian language spoken on Nias Island and the Batu Islands off the west
coast of Swnatra. It belongs to the Northwest Swnatran subgroup which also
includes Mentawai and Batak languages. Li Niha is spoken in three different
dialects, namely si fabada '6 (Northern dialect), si fabagandr6 (Central dialect)
and sifabah6'6 (Southern dialect). The Southern dialect of Li Niha is used by the
people in Teluk Dalarn, Fanayama, Toma, Maenarnolo, Pulau-Pulau Batu and
Hibala sub districts; whereas Central dialect is spoken in Gomo, LOlowa'u,
Lolomatua and Aramo sub districts; and Northern dialect covers Gunungsitoli,
Mandrehe, Lolofitwnoi, Tube Mberua, Gido and Idano Gawo sub districts.
Any language in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of
lexical, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic changes. Specifically,
lexical change is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a language, such
as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and
inteJjection. A case oflexical change in Li Niha is the word o/6, a plantation in the
mountain in which the irrigation is not available or needed. It is regarded one of
lexical losses of Southern dialect of Li Niha because it is not practiced anymore.
Another empirical exemplification is suti (injection) which is categorized as a
2
noun becomes a verb which means "persuade to do bad thing". This phenomenon,
which is caused by the metaphorical application, is called as semantic change due
to its lexical class movement from noun to verb. Empirically, the older speakers of
Li Niha experience that the youngsters are reluctant to use their mother tongue so
that they sometimes mix between Li Niha and Indonesian language. These
evidences serve as the beginning oflanguage change itself.
Having the previous exemplification, it is feasible to assert that the lexical
change contains types, patterns, and reasons. Lexical change type is defined as the
sort of change realized in the lexicons, which might be loss of lexicon or change
of meaning like the examples above. Lexical change pattern refers to the ways on
how the change takes place, e.g. the pattern change of the lexicon above is noun to
verb. Lexical reason is indicated as the completely influential factors of lexical
change, for instance the metaphorical application on the semantic change above.
The existence and maintenance of Li Niha is highly influenced by the
characteristics of the speaker's day to day life, culture, social condition, education
and religion. One of the factors of language maintenance is concerned with both
tangible and intangible things required by the Li Niha speakers to survive in the
world. The tangible things are viewed as the things that can be concretely
perceived by the human's sensory devices, whereas the intangible things are those
which can be only perceived by the human's psyche. This is in line with the
abstract concept. The characteristics of the speaker's day to day life: tangible and
intangible things resulted from the physical and psychological processes are
potentially changeable. Similarly the words used to name them are in constant
3
flux. Through this phenomenon the existence and maintenance of Li Niha is
obvious.
Language is a part of culture; consequently Nias culture serves as a
determining factor of Li Niha existence and maintenance. Thus it can be said that
the language and culture, that is the mutually shared behavior such as beliefs,
feelings and values among the members of a group or society experience are
tightly interrelated-the more culture changes the less language is maintained.
The social condition simply refers to the environmental situation where the
language speakers' activities take place. The increasingly modem influence
nowadays is
reg~d
as factor for Li Niha existence and maintenance. The
fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the Li Niha users' attention
to lexical modernization: a process by which a language standardizing, enhancing,
and expanding its domains of activity (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997:69). On the
other hand, the popularity of Southern Nias as one of the most beautiful tourism
areas governs the existence and maintenance of Southern dialect of Li Niha. This
is because the great possibility of code-switching between Southern dialect of Li
Niha and tourist's language, which serves as a major factor of language change
(Lindstrom, 2007:232), take place.
There will be also a tendency to the change of Li Niha when its speakers
are more educated. This has been proved by the fact that the role of Li Niha used
in educational setting is not the same at home. This is definitely rooted from the
empirical evidence that the medium of teaching and learning in Nias schools is
Indonesian. Consequently, the students' attitudes towards Li Niha eventually
decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly used in their day
4
life. This condition, which serves as determining factor of lexical change, makes
the mixing of Li Niha and Indonesian.
Religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the belief of
language speakers serves as another influence of Li Niha existence and
maintenance. This condition can be seen in the Indonesian loanwords from Arabic
such as Alhamdu/illah, tabib, etc. or the Li Niha words fandrita (priest), which
borrowed from Indonesia pendeta.
A language is fundamentally viewed as much more than a system of
communication. It is a symbolic marker that distinguishes who belongs to a group
and who is outside. In this case language in general and Li Niha in particular is
considered as a central feature of Nias ethnics-the reflection of Nias people
identity. Hence, Li Niha in relation to this perspective it is, then, expected not to
change since Li Niha purification and originality are extremely needed to establish
its strong identity.
In reality, Wurrn (2003:22) states that there are very few languages in
Sumatera which would be likely targets for endangerment from Indonesian and/or
local languages. One language (Li Niha) on one of the islands located off the
south-western coast of Sumatera is endangered due to the lack of learning of Li
Niha. Apart from this, according to Laiya (2009) Southern Nias dialect consists of
3,500 totally different vocabularies from other dialects of Li Niha. Therefore it is
obvious that Southern Nias dialect is a new phenomenon to which language
change, especially lexical change takes place. Language change is customarily
viewed as the process by which the linguistic features change due to the particular
cause of internal and external factors.
5
Theoretically, according to Moyna (2009: 131-132) language changes
resulted from the social and individual factors. Social factors are the contact
between speakers of different varieties due to conquest, migration, culture,
education, economic, and religion. The social or external factors of language
change not only include the type of input in the environment but also the
mechanisms and rates of input processing. The mechanisms are concerned with
the techniques and methods of input provided to the language speakers, whereas
rates deal with the amount of input itself. On the other hand, the invidual or
internal factors deal with the language change which resulted from an entire
generation of child acquisition. This theory has been proved on the changes of Li
Niha lexicons above.
-
According to Varshney (1995:283), the lexical change can be in the forms
of lexical loss (or a phenomenon in which a particular lexicon disappears),
semantic change (or the shifting meaning in language), and creation of new lexical
item (or the process of creating a new lexical item to name an object, concept and
place through the internal and external borrowings of words).
The theories proposed by Moyna (2009) and Varshney (1995), of course,
were not from the research results executed on Li Niha but totally derived from
the scientific researches on English which had been studied hundreds years ago by
the experienced historical linguists. Thus there will be a tendency that these
theories are not completely appiicable in Li Niha due to the differences between
the two languages. For instance, (1) the consonant is dependent in Li Niha but it is
independent in English, (2) the sound [p] is absent in Li Niha but it is present in
English, and (3) Predtcate+Subject+Object structure is applied in Li Niha but not
6
in English. These three fundamental distinctions, which serve as determining
factor of deciding whether or not Li Niha is considered as a new phenomenon of
language change, led the writer' s interest to conduct this scientific research.
1.2 The Focus of the Study
The focus of this study is presented in the question of "How is the lexical
change of Southern dialect of Li Niha?" This question then is elaborated into more
particular questions, such as the following:
l) What are the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha?
2) How do the lexicons of Southern dialect of Li Niha change?
3) Why do the lexicons of Southern dialect of Li Niha change the way they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This research is aimed at studying the new phenomenon on lexical change
of Southern dialect of Li Niha. It specifically attempted to objectively describe the
lexical change as well as the ways and reasons of Southern dialect of Li Niha
change. Thus, the objectives of this study were elaborated as the following:
I) To investigate the lexical changes of Southern dialect of Li Niha,
2) To describe the patterns of lexical changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li
Niha,
3) To explain the reasons oflexical change of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
1.4 The Scope ofthe Study
The various language change domains and the numerous lexical classes (or
parts of speech) of language results in the researcher's scope of the study to the
lexical change, particularly to the change of noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
7
pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
More specific it is in an attempt to provide an objective and explanative
description of the lexical change oflexical classes of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are strongly expected to have the theoretically
and practically indispensable significances. Theoretically, the research findings
would be valuable contributions for other researchers who will conduct a research
in the field of language change, particularly lexical change and the source of the
methods of how language changes. Practically, on the other hand, the research
findings would be beneficial as the evidence of Li Niha change which serves as a
core embryo of consideration for language planning policy of the government of
Southern Nias which is urgently useful for the Southern dialect of Li Niha
maintenance in the future.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the lexical
changes, patterns, and reasons Southern dialect lexicons of Li Niha in previous
chapters, conclusion is drawn as follows:
I) The lexical change of Southern dialect of Li Niha emerges on every single sort
of lexical changes. It is divided into lexical loss, semantic change and lexical
creation.
2) The lexical change patterns of Southern dialect of Li Niha are totally realized
in various ways according to its type. Firstly, lexical loss is proportionally
pattered into potential and total lexical loss. Secondly, semantic change
patterns are categorized into: (1) Noun to Noun, (2) Noun to Adjective, (3)
Noun to Verb, (4) Adjective to Adjective, (5) Adverb to Verb, (6) Verb to
Noun, (7) Verb to Verb, and (8) Verb to Adjective. Thirdly, lexical creation
flows under the two crisp and concise methods: internal and external lexical
creation. External lexical borrowing patterns impinge upon the three
distinctive domains: modified lexical borrowing, total lexical borrowing, and
loan translation. These ways come to the implicit expression of the unstandardized borro'Yffig system in Li Niha.
105
106
3) The division of lexical change reasons in Southern dialect of Li Niha varies
and is considerably linkable with every sort single of lexical change type.
Firstly, culture, linguistic and prestige play the important role as the influential
causes of lexical loss. Secondly, analogical, metaphorical, mutual concept,
implication, and euphemism are viewed as the core source of semantic change.
Thirdly, naturalization, technological development, foreign influence, mutual
linguistic feature, translation and adoption of the conceptual features are
treated as the numerously sustained factors of lexical creation in Southern
dialect of Li Niha.
5.2 Implications
The conclusion drawn above convincingly yields a couple of implications:
1) The changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li Niha occur on every single sort
of lexical changes: lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical creation. The
noun which contains the highest number of lexical change bridges the
attention to Indonesian influence, the national and official language, as an
easily naturalized language since it consists of the same linguistic
characteristics with Li Niha, not English which is from the completely
different root of language.
2) Even though South Nias regency is as a tourism area, the number of lexical
changes relating to this condition is not significant. Therefore, obviously
tourism is not regarded as the influential factor of Li Niha change.
3) The deviation of the number of every single sort of lexical changes is
definitely implicated by the influence and status of Southern Nias people's
characteristics of life, culture, and technological development.
107
4) In educational setting, the various changes of Southern dialect lexicon of Li
Nifw implicitly implicate that language standardization, i.e. selection,
codification, elaboration and acceptance, is not totally employed, consequently
it bears an enormously complicated problem impeding the success of teaching
and learning Li Nifw to the next generation.
5.3 Suggesrious
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
1) It is advisable to the language users of Southern dialect of Li Niha to use
Southern dialect of Li Niha in their daily life at home, office and school. By
doing so, their language attitude towards Li Niha itself will eventually
increase.
2) It is strongly suggested to the local Government of Southern Nias regency to
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take into account about the maintenance and standardization Southern dialect
of Li Niha through the establishment of standardized Li Niha dictionary,
formalized Li Niha grammar, and specified spelling system. Through this
recoded material, the existence of Li Nifw can be handled down to the next
generation.
3) It is also expected to the teachers, students, and other practitioners to make
writing in Li Niha. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of
another expert's interest and attention about the entity of Li Niha.
4) To the linguists, researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct
a scientific study on Southern dialect of Li Niha, it is suggested to investigate ..
the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and
108
increasing the number of lexical creation of Southern dialect of Li Niha.
Through this step, the development of Li Niha will emerge among other tribes
in Indonesia.
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109
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