LEXICAL CHANGE OF PIDIE DIALECT.
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LEXICAL CHANGE OF PIDIE DIALECT
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistics Program Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
R A M L A N
Registration Number: 8106112046
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
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LEXICAL CHANGE OF PIDIE DIALECT
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistics Program Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
R A M L A N
Registration Number: 8106112046
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
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ABSTRACT
Ramlan. Registration Number : 8106112046.Lexical Change of Pidie Dialect. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State
University of Medan, 2014.
This study presents a research conducted on the Lexical Change of Pidie. It employs qualitative research, the objectives of the study were to (1) investigating the lexical change type, (2) describing the lexical change patterns, and (3) explaining the lexical change reasons of Pidie Dialect of Aceh. The empirical materials were thoroughly and well-gathered from the documents and interviews. The data were analyzed by using interactive model by “miles and hubberman model. Based on the analysis, the findings in this research are drawn as the following. First, the lexical change of Pidie Dialect of Aceh comprised lexical loss, semantic change and lexical creation. Every single sort of change was figured out based on it lexical classes for examples noun, verb, adjective and adverb. Where in lexical loss found (357) lexicons, the percentage of lexical loss of noun (67.27 %), verb (13.40%), adjective (16.48 %), adverb (0.83 %). Semantic change (19) lexicons, semantic change of noun (89.47 %), verb (10.52 %), adjective (5.26 %), adverb was unrecognizable and not treated as semantic change. and lexical creation (128) lexicons,the lexical creation of noun (73.68 %), verb (5.26 %), adjective (19.29 %) and adverb (1.75 %). The researcher found that the major occurrence of lexical change of Pidie Dialect were noun while verb, adjective and adverb were minor. Second, the pattern of lexical change of Pidie Dialect has been manifested on three types: (1) lexical loss : potential loss and total lexical loss (2)semantic change (3) lexical creation : Internal lexical creation and external lexical creation. Third, The reasons of lexical change of PDA : Lexical loss,semantic change, lexical creation. In educational setting the various change of Pidie Dialect of Aceh implicitly implicate that language standardization like selection, dification, elaboration and acceptance was not totally employed, consequently it bears an enormously complicated impending the success of teaching and learning of PDA to the next generation
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ABSTRAK
Ramlan. NPM: 8106112046. Lexical Change of Pidie Dialect. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.
Penelitian ini tentang perubahan leksikal pada dialek Pidie. Penelitia ini menerapkan metode qualitative. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) menyelidiki jenis perubahan leksikal 2) menggambarkan pola perubahan leksikal 3) menjelaskan alasan perubahan leksikal pada dialek Pidie di Aceh. Bahan material yang berdasarkan bahan empiris didapatkan melalui dokumen dan wawancara. Data analisis ini menggunakan analysis model interaktif menurut “ miles dan hubberman model” berdasarkan analisis ini dideskripsikan sebagai berikut. Pertama, perubahan leksikal pada dialek Pidie di Aceh terdiri dari perubahan hilangnya leksikal, perubahan semantic, perubahan kreasi leksikal. Setiap jenis perubahan ditetapkan berdasarkan kelas katanya seperti kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan. Pada perubahan hilangnya leksikal ditemukan (357 leksikon), dimana katabendanya terdapat(67.27 %), kata kerja(13.40%), kata sifat(16.48 %),kata keterangan(0.83 %) perubahan semantik (19 leksikon), kata benda(89.47 %), kata kerja(10.52 %), kata sifat(5.26 %), akata keterangan tidak ditemukan. Pada perubahan kreasi leksikal (128 leksikon) kata benda terdapat (73.68 %), kata kerja(5.26 %), kata sifat(19.29 %) and kata keterangan(1.75 %). Peneliti menemukan bahwa perubahan terbesar yang terjadi pada perubahan leksikal di Pidie adalah kata benda sementara kata kerja, kata sifat dan kata keterangan adalah minor. Kedua, pola perubahan leksikal pada dialek pidie dapat di buktikan pada tida jenis: (1) perubahan hilangnya leksikal: potensi hilangnya leksikal dan total hilangnya leksikal (2) perubahan semantik (3) perubahan kreasi leksikal: kreasi internal leksikal dan kreasi ekternal leksikal. Ketiga, alasan perubahan leksikal pada dialek Pidie : Perubahan kehilangan leksikal, perubahan semantik, perubahan kreasi leksikal. Dalam pengaturan pendidikan berbagai peruahan terjadi pada dialek pidie di Aceh, secara implisit mengimplikasikan bahwa standarnisasi baasa seperti seleksi, elaborasi dan penerimaan tidak benar-benar bekerja olehkarena itu akan berdampak rumit untuk keberhasilan belajar mengajar di Pedie untuk generasi yang akan datang.
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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
All praise be to Him, Allah SWT for the great Blessings, Health and Luck that have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing his studies and this piece of academic masterpiece and Peace upon Muhammad SAW. The last of the prophets and upon his messengers and his families, his companions and whoever follows below have given his invaluable help, support, suggestions motivation, encouragements during his study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
In the process of completing this thesis, there are many people who have assisted and suggested the materials to be impossible to name all at some deserve the honor to be noted
Firstly, the writer would like to express his gratitude to Professor. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D. his first adviser for the guidance, assistant, encouragement and valuable suggestions and critics from these great heroes in education, in the process of writing this thesis.
Secondly, the writer would like to express his gratitude to Professor. Dr.Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., his second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great supervision and full support in shaping this thesis.
The writer would also like to express his gratitude to the head, English Applied
Linguistics Program, Professor. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and his secretary
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Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS and Farid who have assisted him in the process of administration requirement during the process of his study in the postgraduate program.
He would like to take this special occasion to express his gratitude to Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum., Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa
Tangkas, M.Hum. being his reviewers and examiners for the valuable inputs to be include in this thesis. Furthermore, he would like to express his high appreciation to all lecturers of English Applied study program UNIMED Medan, who have shared their knowledge and experience his during study. And thank you note addressed to his colleagues in class B of English Applied Linguistics in take XIX for the cooperation and friendly being in the “same Boat”.
Last but not least, on a personal level, the writer would like to dedicate his love and sincerest gratitude to his beloved parents Adnan, AR and Nur Laila, his beloved wife and son Khairani, S.Hi and Muhammad Ammar Al-Fatih for their sincere and most reliable comfort and above all, their love and support. May Allah SWT consecrate to them. Amin.
Medan, April 2014 The Writer
Ramlan
Register Number 8106112046
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….……… i
ABSTRACT ………. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………. iii
LIST OF FIGURES ……….... iv
LIST OF TABLES ………. v
LIST OF CHARTS ………. vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ………. vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
……….. 11.1 The Background of the study ………. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ……….. 6
1.3 The Objectives of The Study ……….. 6
1.4 The Scope of The Study ……….. 7
1.5 The Significance of The Study ……… 7
CHAPTER II
RIVIEW OF LITERATURE
……… 82.1 Language Change ……… 8
2.2 The Nature of Language Change ……….... 9
2.3 The Causes of Language Change ……… 11
2.3.1 External Factor ……… 12
2.3.1.1 Cultural Factor ……….. 13
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2.3.1.2 Social Factor ……….... 13
2.3.1.3 Educational Factor ……… 13
2.3.1.5 Religious factor ……… 14
2.3.1.6 Historical factor ……… 15
2.3.1.7 Geographical factor ……… 15
2.3.2 Internal Factor ……… 16
2.3.2.1 Psychological Factor ……… 16
2.3.2.2 Linguistic Factor ……… 17
2.3.2.3 Intergeneration factor ……… 17
2.3.3 Type of Language Change ……… 19
2.3.3.1 Lexical Change ………. 24
2.3.3.1.1 The Occurrence of Lexical Change ……… 24
2.3.3.1.2 Acquisition of new meaning besides the original one … 25 2.3.3.1.3 Gradual loss of meaning for attitudinal reason ……….. 25
2.3.3.1.4 Variation in connotation according to variety ………… 25
2.3.3.1.5 Casual use of formal words ……… 26
2.3.3.1.6 Words considered old-fashioned in modern context ….. 26
2.3.3.1.7 Unpredictable meaning of certain words ……… 27
2.3.3.2 The Type of Lexical Changes Processes ………... 28
2.3.3.2.1 The lexical loss items ………. 29
2.3.3.2.2 Change in Meaning ………. 30
2.3.3.2.3 The creation of New English ………... 31
2.3.3.3 External Borrowing ……… 31
2.3.3.4 Internal Borrowing ……… 32
2.3.3.4.1 Convertion ……….. 32
2.3.3.4.2 Conpounding ………. 33
2.3.3.4.3 Clipping(Ellipsis) ……… 33
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2.3.3.4.4 Acronym or initialism ……… 34
2.3.3.4.5 Back formation ……… 34
2.3.3.4.6 Blendings………. 35
2.3.3.5 Loan Translation ………... 36
2.3.3.5.1 Meta linguistic Citation ………... 36
2.3.3.6 The Linguistic Description of Acehnese Sound System ……….. 37
2.3.3.6.1 Vowel phonemes ……… 37
2.3.3.7 The Sociolinguistics of Pidie dialect ……… 40
2.3.3.8 Relevant Studies ……… 47
CHAPTER III
REASEARCH METHOD
……….. 483.1 Research Design ………... 48
3.2 Objective of The Study ………... 48
3.3 The Data of the Study ……….. 49
3.4 The techniques of Collecting the Data ……… 49
3.5 The Procedures of data collection ……… 50
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ………... 51
3.6 .1 Credibility ……… 51
3.6 .2 Transferability ………. 51
3.6 .3 Dependability ……….. 51
3.6.4 Conformability ………. 52
3.7 Technique of Analyzing the Data ……… 52
3.7.1 Data Reduction ………. 52
3.7.2 Data Display ………... 53
3.7.3 Drawing Conclusion and verification ……….. 53
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALISIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
AND DISCUSSION
………... 544.1 Data Analysis ……… 55
4.1.1 Lexical Loss of PDA ………... 58
4.1.2 Semantic Change of PDA ………... 61
4.1.3 Lexical Creation of PDA ……….. 62
4.1.3.1 Internal lexical creation of PDA ………. 65
4.1.3 External lexical creation of PDA ……… 66
4.1.4 Modified lexical borrowing of PDA ………... 67
4.1.5 Total lexical borrowing of PDA ……… 68
4.1.6 Loan translation of PDA ……… 69
4.2 The reasons of lexical change of PDA ……….. 70
4.3 The Reasons of Lexical Loss of PDA ……… 71
4.4 The reasons of semantic change of PDA ……….. 71
4.5 The reason of lexical creation of PDA ……….. 72
4.6 Research findings ……… 72
4.7 Discussion ... 74
4.7.1 Lexical change of Pidie Dialect of Aceh ... 74
4.7.2 The patterns of lexical change of PDA ... 76
4.7.3 The reasons of lexical change of PDA... 77
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGSTIONS
…… 755.1 Conclusion ……… 75
5.2 Implication ……… 76
5.3 Suggestions ………. 77
References
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LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Pages
Table 1
Acehnese Loanwords and equation dialect ………... 3 Table 2
Consonant Phonemes ………... 39
Table 3
Old Patterns and New pattern in PDA ……….. 49 Table 4
Lexical Change Based on Its Lexical Classes ………. 55 Table 5
Examplesof Lexical Change of PDA ……….. 57 Table 6
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Lexical Class ……… 58 Table 7
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Fields ………. 59 Table 8
Percentage semantic change based on its lexical class ………. 61 Table 9
Examples semantic change ... 62 Table 10
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Its Lexical Class ………….. 63 Table 11
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Its Source Language …….. 64 Table 12
Internal lexical Creation ……….. 66
Table 13
External Lexical Creation ……… 66
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Table 14
Modified Lexical Borrowing ……….. 68 Table 15
Total Lexical Borrowing ………. 69 Table 16
Loan Translation of Lexical Creation ………... 70
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Pages
Figure 1
Dynamics of language acquisition and language change ……….. 18 Figure 2
Language Change Domains ………. 20 Figure 3
Internal and External Borrowing in Creating New Lexical ………. 31
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LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1
Vowel phonemes ... 37 Chart 2
Nasalized vowel phonemes... 37 Chart 3
Oral Diphthong Phonemes... 38 Chart 4
Nasalized Diphthong ... 38
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices
Pages
Appendix 1
List of Lexical Loss of PDA based on its classes ………... 87 Appendix 2
List of Lexical Loss of PDA Based on Its Field of Use ……… 102 Appendix 3
List of Potential Loss of PDA lexicons ………. 119 Appendix4
List of Total Lexical Loss of PDA ………... 122 Appendix 5
List of Semantic Change of PDA... 124 Appendix 6
Modified Borrowing Lexicons of PDA... 125 Appendix 7
List of Total Borrowing Lexicons of PDA... 129 Appendix 8
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is obviously a means of communication is inevitable in our lives. Language, in addition, is recognized as the most perfect instrument of communication. Each language provides a system of concepts which human beings to interpret reality. Complexity of reality is easier to understand through the diversity of language. Languages are also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values and express a differentiated ethical sensibility. The existence of language can not be separated from culture as of product of human culture. Without a language the society can not be formed and there will be no community that named Aceh. Acehnese spoken by some two and a half million people, the vast majority whom live named Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam, Asyik (1987: 1 ).
Each language in the world no exception Aceh language tends to change, Study of change of language meaning is substantially derived from prevailing that semantics as the study of language meaning having a broad domain. There is a phenomenon where a language can be caused by metaphorical application, it is called semantic change due to its lexical class movement from noun to noun as for instance bandar Aceh nowadays word meaning of “bandar” has changed the meaning because of this phenomenon is caused by metaphorical application, is called as semantic change. Semantic change is another sort of language change. Actually, language changes are
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caused by two factors: social factor and individual factor. Where social factors are contact between speakers of different varieties due to conquest, migration and culture, education, economic and religion. The social or external factors of language change not only include the type of input in the environment but also the mechanism and rates of input processing. The mechanism is concerned with the techniques and method of input provided to the language speakers, whereas rates deal with the amount of input itself. In this case, that has been proved on the lexical change of Pidie dialect of Aceh ( PDA ). On the other hand, the individual or internal factors deal with the language change that resulted from entire generation of child acquisition.
According to the traditional views of language change, the external borrowing is regarded as the creation of lexical item from outside sources or language. Speakers of every language are in contact with neighbors who speak different languages. The connection between the two is obvious: language borrow words because individual speakers have at one time borrowed them. However, there is a possibility also in the forms of phonetic, phonology and some times synthetic, morphological, semantic and pragmatic. In this respect, when words from one language have been borrowed by another and used by monolingual speakers of that recipient language, termed language borrowing.
The Acehnese has borrowed a large number of words from other languages, and is still doing so today. Borrowing is a very common phenomenon and words are often ‘borrowed’ from one language to another, and the loan words may label a new concept, or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word. The examples below are some of the loanwords in Acehnese.
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Table 1 : Acehnese Loanwords and Equation Dialect
Loanwords from Acehnese Words Meaning
Arabic sikin knife
Chinese cawan cup
European tre try
Hindi misee moustache
Based on the table 1 above Acehnese language has equation dialect by Arabic, Chinese, European and Hindi. In its development language change of Acehnese occurs since before Aceh was ruled under the Republic of Indonesia when Aceh still was a kingdom governed by the sultanate. Nowadays Acehnese language is vernacular language that is used by speakers as a tool of communication and to be an identity language that is used in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
In reality, one of the most obvious kinds of change in language is the appearance of new words, and one very obvious source of new words is foreign languages. We can infer that loanword in a language is a kind of lexical change. The lexical can be in forms of lexical loss or a phenomenon in which a particular lexicon disappears, semantic change or the shifting meaning in language and creation of new lexical item or the process of creating a new lexical item to name an object, concept and place through the internal and external borrowing of words.
Change on language can be change in all domains of language and each languages in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of lexical, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic changes. Specially, lexical change
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is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a language, such a noun, verb, adjective and adverb. A case of lexical change of PDA is the word bubeue “ the old coconut leaf that have run dry” and other examples jeumala, jom bilek etc. It is regarded one of lexical loss of PDA because it is not practiced anymore.
Based on examples above, it is feasible to assert that lexical change contains : 1) Lexical change types: as a short of change realized in the lexicons, which might be loss of lexicon or change of meaning, 2) Lexical change patterns : refers to way on how the change it takes place and 3) Lexical change reason : is indicated as the completely influential factors of lexical change for example metaphorical application on the semantic change above.
Existence and maintenance of PDA is highly influenced by the characteristics of the speaker’s day to day life, cultural, social condition, education and religion. One of many factor of language maintenance is concerned with both tangible and intangible things required by the PDA language speakers to survive in the world. The tangible things are view as things that can be concretely perceived by sensory of human devices, whereas the tangible things are those which can be only perceived by human’s psyche, this is in line with the abstract concept. The speaker characteristic day to day life : tangible and intangible things resulted from physical and psychological process are potentially changeable. Similarly the words used to name them are in consistent flux.
In reality, it is a tendency that to change of PDA when speakers are more educated, this has been proved by fact is that role of PDA used in educational is not same at home. Of course this is one of root from the empirical evidence that the medium
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of teaching and learning in Pidie is Indonesian. Consequently, the students’ attitudes towards PDA eventually decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly is used in their day life. This condition which serves as determining factor of lexical change makes the mixing of PDA and Indonesia.
Religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the belief of language speakers serves as another influence of PDA existence and maintenance this condition can be seen in the PDA loanwords from Arabic such as Qanun, taleuk ,izeun, hareum, haleue, hukom, meujeuleih, meupakat etc.
Through this phenomenon the existence and maintenance of PDA are obvious. Consequently, PDA part of culture must be existence and maintenance, thus it can be said that language and culture is mutually shared behavior such as beliefs, feeling, values among the member of a group or society. The environment situation in social condition is where the language speakers’ activities take place. The increasingly modern influence nowadays is regarded as factor to existence and maintenance of PDA. The fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the PDA users’ attention to lexical modernization.
Thus, there will be a tendency that theories are not completely applicable in PDA due to the different language, for examples many borrowed words have been adapted into the Acehnese system, phonologically and morphologically. The only exceptions are religious phrases and expressions, which are usually pronounced in their original pronunciations, or as closely as possible. (1) All other Arabic loan words that end in [b] and [d], either in words or syllables, are pronounced with a final [p] and [t]. (2) Vowel [eu] in PDA is present, Indonesia does not have two letters representing one vowel, in
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Indonesia [e] is present [e] not [eu] (3) Consonant cluster [ph] in PDA is present, the similar sound is represented by grapheme [p] or [f] in Indonesian. These are three fundamental distinctions, which serve as determining factor of deciding whether or not PDA is considered as new phenomenon of language change. For this reason the writer of his study finds it is important to conduct a study on lexical change of PDA.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as the following. (1) What lexical change have occurred in the PDA? (2) How do the lexical change occurred in the PDA?
(3) Why do the lexical change tend to occurred in the ways they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In general the objective of the study is to study the new phenomenon on lexical changes of PDA. In order to obtain the descriptions of lexical changes as well as the ways and reasons the PDA changes in particular this study is aimed at.
(1) Investigating the lexical change of PDA,
(2) Describing the patterns of lexical change of PDA and (3) Explaining the reasons of lexical change of PDA.
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1.4 The Scope of the Study
A study on language change domain related to lexical change, in the researcher’s scope of this study are attempts to investigate the lexical change of PDA, particularly to the change of noun, verb, adjective and adverb of PDA. More specific it is an attempt to provide an objective and explanative description of the lexical change of lexical classes of PDA.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically useful. Theoretically, the research findings will be valuable contributions for other researcher who will conduct further research in the field of language changes.
Practically, on the other hand, the research findings would be beneficial as the evidence of PDA change which serves as a core embryo of consideration for language planning policy of the government of PDA which is urgently useful for PDA maintenance in the future.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGSTIONS
5.1Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) The lexical change of PDA appeared on every single sorts of lexical change. It is divided into lexical loss, semantic change and lexical creation.
(2) The lexical change patterns of PDA were totally realized in various ways based on its types. Firstly lexical loss was proportionally pattern into potential and total lexical loss. Secondly semantic change patterns are categorized of noun. Thirdly, lexical creation flows under the two crisps and concise methods: internal and external lexical creation. External lexical borrowing patterns impinge upon three distinctive domains (1) modified lexical borrowing (2) total lexical borrowing and (3) loan translation. These ways come to the implicit expression of the un-standardized borrowing system of PDA.
(3) The division of lexical change of PDA varies and is considerably linkable which every sorts single of lexical change type. Firstly, culture, linguistic and prestige play the important role as the influential causes of lexical loss. Secondly, analogical, metaphorical, mutual concept, implication and euphemism are viewed as the core source of semantic change. Thirdly, naturalization, technological development, foreign influence, mutual linguistic feature, translation and adoption
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of the conceptual features are treated as the numerously sustained of lexical creation of PDA.
5.2 Implications
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1) To change of PDA occur on every single sort of lexical change: lexical loss, semantic change and lexical creation. The noun with contains the highest number of lexical change bridges the attention to Indonesia influence, the national and official language, as an easily naturalized language since it consist of the same linguistic characteristic with PDA, not English which is from the completely different root of language.
(2) The deviation of the umber of every single sort of lexical change was definitely implicated by the influence and status of PDA people’s characteristic of life, culture and technology development.
(3) In educational setting, the various change of PDA implicitly that language standardization for instance selection codification, elaboration and acceptance, is not totally employed, consequently it bears an enormously complicated problem impending the success of teaching and learning of PDA to the next generation.
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5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which were problematic, some with considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
(1) It is advisable to the language users of PDA in their daily life at home, office and school. By doing so, their language attitude towards PDA it self will eventually increase.
(2) It is strongly suggested to the local government of PDA regency to take into account about the maintenance and standardization of PDA trough the establishment of dictionary.
(3) It is also expected to the teacher, student and other practioners to make writing of PDA. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of another expert’s interest and attention about the entity of PDA.
(4) To the linguists, researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct ä scientific study of PDA, it is suggested to investigate the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical creation of PDA. Through this step, the development of PDA will emerge among other tribes in Indonesia.
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Durie, M.1996. Framing the Acehnese text: Language choice and discourse structures in Aceh. Oceanic Linguistics, 35, 113-137.
Edwards, J.2009. Language and identity.New York : Cambridge University Press. Fenyvesi, A and Zsigri, G.2006. The role of perception in loanwords adaption: The fate
of initial unstressed in American finnish and amirican hungurian. New York: SKY Journal of linguistics 19 (2006), 131 – 146
Gerritsen, Marinel and Dieter Stein (eds) 1992. Internal and external factors in Syntactic change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Guperz, J1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge universitypress Haine, B2003a. Grammaticalization. In Brinton,L.J and Traugott,E.C.2005.
Lexicalization and language change.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hickey, R.1987.Langugae Change.Cambridge University Press.
Hock, H.H and Joseph, BD.1996. Language history, language change and language relationship: an introduvtion to historical and comperative linguistic. In Brinton,L.J and Traugott,E.C.2005.Lexicalization and language change.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, J. (1992). ‘Language change’. In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (pp.210—242). New York: Pearson Education Inc.
Holmes, J.2008. An Introductin to sociolinguistics. Third Edition. Harlow: Person. Hornby, A.S, 1995, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, Britain:Oxford
University Press
Hurford, J.M and Heasley,B.1995. Semantic: a Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
John, MC and Signh.I.2005.Explorong Language change. London and new York: Routledge.
Johnson, E.1994. The relationship between lexical variation and lexical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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85
Kumar, E.R Ram, 2004, Handbook of English Usage for Editors, Writers and Executives, Mumbai : Jaico Publishing House
Lambert, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction To English Usage.New York: Mc Grawhill.
Laycock, J and Wurm, A.1977. Language Borrowings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lincoln, YS and Guba, EG.1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publication.
Lindstrom, L.2007.Bismala Into kwamera:code-mixing and language change on tanna (Vanuata).University of Tulsa Press, E-ISSN 1934-5275.
Miles, MB and Huberman AM.1984.Qualitative data analysis: Ä sourcebook of new methods.
Moyna, M.I.2009. Child Acqusition and language change: VVoseo evolution in Rio de laplata Spanish (p.131-142) in elected proceedings of the first Hispanic Linguistic Symposium. Someerville, MA: Cascadillah Proceedings Project. Nida, Eugene. 1974. Morphology:The Descriptive Analysis Of Words. Ann Arbor:
University Of Michigas Press
Niyogi, P and Berwick, RC.1995. The logical problem of language change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Perrin, G. Peter, 1979, Writer’s Guide and Index to English, London : Scott & Co Rachmadie, Sabrony, 1985.Vocabulary, Jakarta:Depdikbud Universitas Terbuka. Sapir, Edward. 1949. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World,
Trask, R. L.(1996). ‘Lexical and semantic change’. In Historical Linguistics (pp.17— 51). London: Arnold.
Trask, R. L. (1994). Language Change. London: Routledge.
Vershney, RL.1995. An Introductory Textbook of Linguistic and Phonetics. Rampur Bagh:Student Store
Wardhaugh, Ronald, and Brown, Douglas. 1996. A Survey Of Applied Linguistics. The University Of Michigan Press.
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86
Journals
Al-Harbi, A. A. A-A. (2003). Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic ccount. Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15, 9-28.
Chembers, J .1995. Sociolinguistic theory. In Gao, L.2008. Language change in progress: Evidence from computer-mediated communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American Comference on Chinese linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,PP.361-377
Mohideen, S and Mohideen H. 2010. Awarness of contemporary lexical change for professional competence in English language Education. In Europe Journal of social sciences-Vol. 13 pg.101-107, No 1 (2010). Kuala lumpur: international Islamic University of Malaya Press.
Schartz et a.2009. Soio-linguistic factor in second lxical knowlage: the case of second- generation Children of Russian-Jewish Immigrant in Israel.ISSN 0790-8318 Print/ISSN 1747-75373, Vol. 22 no 1 march 2009, 15-28.Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group
Shorto, H.L "Achenese and mainland Austronesian," in BSOAS 38 (1975).1: 81-102 Wardhaugh, R.1998. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. In Gao, L.2008. Language
change in progress: Evidence from computer-mediated communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American Comference on Chinese linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,PP.361-377. Edited by Marjorie K.M Chan and hana Kang. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University
Yang, C.D.2000. Internal and externl forces in language change.Combride: 231–250. Printed in the U.S.A.Cambridge University Press.
Website
Hana, J.2006. Language Change. Retrived on December, 15, 2012 from http://www.pdfound.com.
(1)
of the conceptual features are treated as the numerously sustained of lexical
creation of PDA.
5.2 Implications
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1) To change of PDA occur on every single sort of lexical change: lexical loss,
semantic change and lexical creation. The noun with contains the highest number
of lexical change bridges the attention to Indonesia influence, the national and
official language, as an easily naturalized language since it consist of the same
linguistic characteristic with PDA, not English which is from the completely
different root of language.
(2) The deviation of the umber of every single sort of lexical change was definitely
implicated by the influence and status of PDA people’s characteristic of life,
culture and technology development.
(3) In educational setting, the various change of PDA implicitly that language
standardization for instance selection codification, elaboration and acceptance, is
not totally employed, consequently it bears an enormously complicated problem
(2)
5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which were problematic, some with
considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
(1) It is advisable to the language users of PDA in their daily life at home, office and
school. By doing so, their language attitude towards PDA it self will eventually
increase.
(2) It is strongly suggested to the local government of PDA regency to take into
account about the maintenance and standardization of PDA trough the
establishment of dictionary.
(3) It is also expected to the teacher, student and other practioners to make writing of
PDA. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of another expert’s
interest and attention about the entity of PDA.
(4) To the linguists, researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct ä
scientific study of PDA, it is suggested to investigate the practical techniques in
decreasing the number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical
creation of PDA. Through this step, the development of PDA will emerge among
(3)
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Fenyvesi, A and Zsigri, G.2006. The role of perception in loanwords adaption: The fate of initial unstressed in American finnish and amirican hungurian. New York: SKY Journal of linguistics 19 (2006), 131 – 146
Gerritsen, Marinel and Dieter Stein (eds) 1992. Internal and external factors in Syntactic change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Guperz, J1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge universitypress
Haine, B2003a. Grammaticalization. In Brinton,L.J and Traugott,E.C.2005.
Lexicalization and language change.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Hickey, R.1987.Langugae Change.Cambridge University Press.
Hock, H.H and Joseph, BD.1996. Language history, language change and language relationship: an introduvtion to historical and comperative linguistic. In Brinton,L.J and Traugott,E.C.2005.Lexicalization and language change.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, J. (1992). ‘Language change’. In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (pp.210—242). New York: Pearson Education Inc.
Holmes, J.2008. An Introductin to sociolinguistics. Third Edition. Harlow: Person.
Hornby, A.S, 1995, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, Britain: Oxford University Press
Hurford, J.M and Heasley,B.1995. Semantic: a Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge
University.
John, MC and Signh.I.2005.Explorong Language change. London and new York: Routledge.
Johnson, E.1994. The relationship between lexical variation and lexical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(5)
Kumar, E.R Ram, 2004, Handbook of English Usage for Editors, Writers and Executives, Mumbai : Jaico Publishing House
Lambert, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction To English Usage.New York: Mc Grawhill.
Laycock, J and Wurm, A.1977. Language Borrowings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lincoln, YS and Guba, EG.1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publication.
Lindstrom, L.2007.Bismala Into kwamera:code-mixing and language change on tanna (Vanuata).University of Tulsa Press, E-ISSN 1934-5275.
Miles, MB and Huberman AM.1984.Qualitative data analysis: Ä sourcebook of new
methods.
Moyna, M.I.2009. Child Acqusition and language change: VVoseo evolution in Rio de laplata Spanish (p.131-142) in elected proceedings of the first Hispanic Linguistic Symposium. Someerville, MA: Cascadillah Proceedings Project.
Nida, Eugene. 1974. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis Of Words. Ann Arbor: University Of Michigas Press
Niyogi, P and Berwick, RC.1995. The logical problem of language change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Perrin, G. Peter, 1979, Writer’s Guide and Index to English, London : Scott & Co Rachmadie, Sabrony, 1985.Vocabulary, Jakarta:Depdikbud Universitas Terbuka.
Sapir, Edward. 1949. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World,
Trask, R. L.(1996). ‘Lexical and semantic change’. In Historical Linguistics (pp.17— 51). London: Arnold.
Trask, R. L. (1994). Language Change. London: Routledge.
Vershney, RL.1995. An Introductory Textbook of Linguistic and Phonetics. Rampur Bagh:Student Store
Wardhaugh, Ronald, and Brown, Douglas. 1996. A Survey Of Applied Linguistics. The University Of Michigan Press.
(6)
Journals
Al-Harbi, A. A. A-A. (2003). Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic ccount. Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15, 9-28.
Chembers, J .1995. Sociolinguistic theory. In Gao, L.2008. Language change in progress: Evidence from computer-mediated communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American Comference on Chinese linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,PP.361-377
Mohideen, S and Mohideen H. 2010. Awarness of contemporary lexical change for professional competence in English language Education. In Europe Journal of social sciences-Vol. 13 pg.101-107, No 1 (2010). Kuala lumpur: international Islamic University of Malaya Press.
Schartz et a.2009. Soio-linguistic factor in second lxical knowlage: the case of second- generation Children of Russian-Jewish Immigrant in Israel.ISSN 0790-8318 Print/ISSN 1747-75373, Vol. 22 no 1 march 2009, 15-28.Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group
Shorto, H.L "Achenese and mainland Austronesian," in BSOAS 38 (1975).1: 81-102
Wardhaugh, R.1998. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. In Gao, L.2008. Language change in progress: Evidence from computer-mediated communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American Comference on Chinese linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,PP.361-377. Edited by Marjorie K.M Chan and hana Kang. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University
Yang, C.D.2000. Internal and externl forces in language change.Combride: 231–250. Printed in the U.S.A.Cambridge University Press.
Website
Hana, J.2006. Language Change. Retrived on December, 15, 2012 from http://www.pdfound.com.